anxa 

2820 

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SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

Bulletin  87 


CULTURE  OF  THE  ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF 
THE  UPPER  GILA  RIVER  REGION, 
NEW  MEXICO  AND  ARIZONA 


SECOND  MUSEUM-GATES  EXPEDITION 


BY 


WALTER  HOUGH 

Curator , Division  of  Ethnology , United  States  National  Museum 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1914 


# 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/cultureofancientOOhoug 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 


UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

Bulletin  87 


CULTURE  OF  THE  ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF 
THE  UPPER  GILA  RIVER  REGION, 
NEW  MEXICO  AND  ARIZONA 


SECOND  MUSEUM-GATES  EXPEDITION 


BY 

WALTER  HOUGH 

Curator , Division  of  Ethnology , United  States  National  Museum 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1914 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 
Issued  March  21,  1914. 


ii 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  scientific  publications  of  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
consist  of  two  series — the  Proceedings  and  the  Bulletins. 

The  scientific  publications  of  the  United  States  National  Museum 
are  intended  primarily  as  a medium  for  the  publication  of  original,  and 
usually  brief,  papers  based  on  the  collections  of  the  National  Museum, 
presenting  newly  acquired  facts  in  zoology,  geology,  and  anthropol- 
ogy, including  descriptions  of  new  forms  of  animals,  and  revisions  of 
limited  groups.  One  or  two  volumes  are  issued  annually  and  dis- 
tributed to  libraries  and  scientific  organizations.  A limited  number 
of  copies  of  each  paper,  in  pamphlet  form,  is  distributed  to  specialists 
and  others  interested  in  the  different  subjects  as  soon  as  printed. 
The  date  of  publication  is  printed  on  each  paper,  and  these  dates  are 
also  recorded  in  the  tables  of  contents  of  the  volumes. 

The  Bulletins , the  first  of  which  was  issued  in  1875,  consist  of  a 
series  of  separate  publications  comprising  chiefly  monographs  of 
large  zoological  groups  and  other  general  systematic  treatises  (occa- 
sionally in  several  volumes),  faunal  work,  reports  of  expeditions, 
and  catalogues  of  type-specimens,  special  collections,  etc.  The 
majority  of  the  volumes  are  octavos,  but  a quarto  size  has  been 
adopted  in  a few  instances  in  wtich  large  plates  were  regarded  as 
indispensable. 

Since  1902  a series  of  octavo  volumes  containing  papers  relating 
to  the  botanical  collections  of  the  Museum,  and  known  as  the  Con- 
tributions from  the  National  Herbarium,  has  been  published  as 
bulletins. 

The  present  work  forms  No.  87  of  the  Bulletin  series. 

Richard  Rathbun, 

Assistant  Secretary , Smithsonian  Institution , 

In  charge  of  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

Washington,  D.  C.,  February  13,  19 H. 


iii 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS, 


Page. 

Introduction 1 

Itinerary 2 

Tularosa  Cave 2 

Natural  history 4 

Mammals 4 

Birds 5 

Other  animals. 7 

Corn 7 

Cotton 9 

Gourds  and  squashes . 9 

Beans 10 

Fruits 10 

Roots 10 

Nuts 11 

Parts  of  wild  plants 11 

Stone,  bone,  shell,  and  metal. 11 

Materials  and  general  remarks 11 

Domestic  utensils  of  stone 13 

Mortars  and  pestles 15 

Stone  vessels 16 

Smoothing  stones 17 

Pottery-working  stones 18 

Arrowheads,  throwsticks,  and  darts 19 

Axes,  hammers,  and  mauls 20 

Clubheads,  balls 21 

Knife 21 

Scrapers 22 

Saws 22 

Drills 23 

Beads  and  ornaments 24 

Process  of  bead  making 26 

Crystals  and  reflectors 30 

Ceremonial  mortars  and  tablets 30 

Plaques 31 

Sculptures 32 

Pictographs 33 

Paint  stones 33 

Salt 33 

Bone 33 

Shell 37 

Metal  work 37 

Pottery 38 

Coiled  ware  of  the  Blue  River  region 38 

Brown  ware  of  the  Blue  River  region 40 

Gray  ware  of  the  Blue  River  region 41 

Gray  ware  of  Spur  Ranch 42 

Gray  ware  of  the  Tularosa  Valley 42 

Gray  ware  of  Apache  Creek 43 


v 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


Pottery — Continued . 

Red  ware  of  Blue  River 

Red  ware  of  Apache  Creek 

Red  ware  of  Tularosa  River 

Pottery  of  Upper  Mimbres 

Pottery  of  Bear  Creek  Cave 

Pottery  of  Tularosa  Cave 

Pottery  designs 

White  Line  designs,  Blue  River- 

Wood 

Arrow  making 

Fire-making  implements 

Textiles 

Knots  in  yucca  strips 

Cord 

Cord  making  series  and  products 

Weaving  tools 

Braiding 

Woven  textiles 

Dyes  on  cords 

Sandals 

Hair 

Leather  work 

Basketry 

Twined  work 

Wrapped  work 

Tied  work 

Twilled  work 

Diaper  work 

Coiled  work 

Religious  objects 

Deposit  of  offerings  in  caves 

Psychology  of  the  paho 

Twig  pahos 

Stub  pahos 

Crook  pahos 

Roundel  pahos 

Bow  pahos 

Birds  in  religious  observances. . . 

Bird  circuit  symbolism 

Fire  pahos 

Ceremonial  cigarettes 

Firesticks  and  torch  offerings 

Cloud  blowers 

Costume  pahos 

Pottery  figurines 

Spring  pahos 

Mountain  pahos 

Basketry  pahos 

Designs  on  painted  basket  pahos. 

Flute  pahos 

Game  pahos 

Miscellaneous  pahos 

Ornamentation  of  offerings 

Mortuary 

Index 


Page. 

43 

44 

44 

45 
45 

45 

46 
56 
58 
63 
66 
66 

67 

68 
69 
73 

75 

76 
83 
83 
86 
86 
87 
87 
87 

87 

88 
89 

89 

90 

90 

91 

91 

92 

93 

96 

97 
101 
103 
106 
107 
110 
111 

114 

115 

117 

118 

123 

124 

125 

127 

128 
130 
132 
135 


LIST  OP  ILLUSTRATIONS, 


PLATES. 

Facing  page. 

1.  Desiccated  turkey  from  Tularosa  Cave 5 

2.  Corn  ears,  cobs  and  stems  of  ears  that  have  been  strung 8 

3.  Stone  implements  for  grinding  and  abrading 13 

4.  Stone  implements  for  cutting  and  pounding 20 

5.  Coiled  and  paste-ornamented  pottery 40 

6.  Coiled  and  paste-ornamented  pottery 40 

7.  Pottery  vessels  from  Spur  Ranch 40 

8.  Gray  ware  from  Blue  River  and  Apache  Creek 42 

9.  Gray  ware  from  Spur  Ranch 42 

10.  Red  ware  from  Blue  River 44 

11.  Pottery  vases  and  bowls  from  Fort  Bayard,  New  Mexico 45 

12.  Bent  wood  rings  and  wooden  hook 59 

13.  Digging  sticks  and  fire-sharpened  wooden  implements 62 

14.  Worked  wood  and  bark  and  basketry  manikin 63 

15.  Fire-making  apparatus  and  slow  wood 66 

16.  Twilled  basketry 89 

17.  Twilled  and  coiled  basketry 90 

18.  Stub  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 92 

19.  Crook  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  and  Johnson  Caves 95 

20.  Roundel  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 96 

21.  Painted  bird  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 105 

22.  Painted  wooden  strips  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 106 

23.  Costume  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 114 

24.  Coiled  painted  basket  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 123 

25.  Game  pahos  and  game  set 128 

26.  Painted  wood  and  pith  offerings 129 

27.  Desiccated  body  of  an  infant  buried  in  Tularosa  Cave 132 

28.  Objects  accompanying  infant  burial 132 

29.  Desiccated  body  of  an  infant 133 

FIGURES. 

Page. 

1.  Hair  brush  from  Tularosa  Cave 3 

2.  Pottery  fire  vessel  from  Tularosa  Cave 3 

3.  Trade  bundle  of  parrot  feathers  from  Tularosa  Cave 6 

4.  Jaybird  plume  from  Tularosa  Cave 7 

5.  Gourd  seed  vessel  from  Tularosa  Cave 10 

6.  Brush  of  yucca  from  Tularosa  Cave 11 

7.  Metate  set  on  a foundation  from  Blue 14 

8.  Grinding  stones  from  Blue 15 

9.  Stone  mortar  from  Spur  Ranch 15 

10.  Pestle  from  Spur  Ranchi 15 

11.  Carved  stone  vessel  from  Solomonsville 16 


VII 


VIII 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

12.  Small  stone  vessel  from  Spur  Ranch 16 

13.  Small  stone  vessel  from  Spur  Ranch 16 

14.  Stone  vessel  from  upper  San  Francisco  River 17 

15.  Polishing  stone  from  Apache  Creek 17 

16.  Smoothing  stone  from  Spur  Ranch 17 

17.  Stone  rasp  from  Tularosa  Cave 17 

18.  Arrow-smoothing  stone  from  Spur  Ranch 18 

19.  Smoothing  stone  from  Spur  Ranch 18 

20.  Smoothing  stone  from  lower  San  Francisco  River 18 

21.  Throwstick,  darts,  knives,  and  punch  from  near  Lava,  New  Mexico 19 

22.  Stone  ax  from  Spur  Ranch 20 

23.  Stone  grooved  maul  from  Spur  Ranch 20 

24.  Stone  ball  from  Spur  Ranch 21 

25.  Stone  ball  from  Spur  Ranch 21 

26.  Stone  ball  from  Spur  Ranch 21 

27.  Stone  hammer  from  Spur  Ranch 21 

28.  Stone  scraper  from  Tularosa  Cave 22 

29.  Stone  scraper  from  Spur  Ranch 22 

30.  Stone  saw  from  Joseph,  Tularosa  River 23 

31.  Stone  saw  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 23 

32.  Stone  saw  from  Apache  Creek 23 

33.  Stone  saw  from  Blue  River 23 

34.  Chalcedony  drill  from  Spur  Ranch 24 

35.  Chalcedony  drill  from  Spur  Ranch 24 

36.  Chalcedony  drill  from  Spur  Ranch 24 

37.  Chert  drill  from  Spur  Ranch 25 

38.  Chert  drill  from  Spur  Ranch 25 

39.  Hematite  cylinder  perforated  from  Tularosa  River 27 

40.  Hematite  cylinder  perforated  from  Tularosa  River. . r 27 

41.  Perforated  cylinders  from  Tularosa  River 27 

42.  Conoid  fetish  from  Tularosa  River 27 

43.  Carvings  in  stone  and  shell  from  Spur  Ranch 28 

44.  Sandstone  disk  partly  perforated  from  Tularosa  Cave 29 

45.  Scored  spindle-shape  stone  from  Blue 29 

46.  Lava  block  with  scorings  from  Blue 30 

47.  Carved  pottery  ornament  from  Spur  Ranch 30 

48.  Chalcedony  mirror  from  Spur  Ranch 30 

49.  Ceremonial  painted  mortar  from  Blue 31 

50.  Ceremonial  painted  mortar  from  Spur  Ranch 31 

51.  Painted  stone  slab  from  Spur  Ranch 31 

52.  Stone  tablet  from  Spur  Ranch 32 

53.  Sculptured  slab  from  San  Francisco  River 32 

54.  Sculpture  in  form  of  animal,  San  Francisco  River 32 

55.  Sculpture  in  form  of  animal,  San  Francisco  River 32 

56.  Sculptured  animal  head,  East  Camp,  New  Mexico 33 

57.  Bone  awl  from  Spur  Ranch 34 

58.  Bone  awl  from  Spur  Ranch 34 

59.  Bone  awl  from  Spur  Ranch 34 

60.  Bone  awl  with  spatulate  end  from  Spur  Ranch 34 

61.  Bone  awl  from  Tularosa  Cave 34 

62.  Short  bone  awl  from  Spur  Ranch 34 

63.  Bone  implement,  terraced,  from  upper  San  Francisco  River 35 

64.  Bone  implement  from  Spur  Ranch 35 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


IX 


Page. 

65.  Antler  spike  from  Tularosa  Cave 35 

66.  Antler  spike  with  chisel  point  from  Spur  Ranch 35 

67.  Bird  bone  awl  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 35 

68.  Bone  awl  from  Tularosa  Cave 35 

63.  Leather-working  tool  of  bone  from  Spur  Ranch 36 

70.  Leather-working  tool  of  bone  from  Tularosa  Cave 36 

71.  Antler  spike  with  chisel  point  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 36 

72.  Deer  rib  knife  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 36 

73.  Antler  punch  from  Tularosa  Cave 36 

74.  Leather  working  tool  of  bone  from  Spur  Ranch 36 

75.  Bunt  head  of  bone  for  throwstick  darts  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 36 

76.  Bunt  heads  of  bone  for  throwstick  darts  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 36 

77.  Bone  rings,  from  Spur  Ranch 36 

78.  Copper  bell  from  Tonto  Basin,  Arizona 37 

79.  Copper  bell  from  Tularosa  River 37 

80.  Design  from  bottom  of  a bowl  from  Blue 46 

81.  Serpent  effigy  vase  (front  view)  from  Blue 46 

82.  Serpent  effigy  vase  (back  view)  from  Blue 46 

83.  Serpent  effigy  vase  (shoulder  view)  from  Blue 46 

84.  Snake  design  from  bowl  from  Spur  Ranch 47 

85.  Bird  design  on  bowl  from  Blue 48 

86.  Design  on  bowl  from  Spur  Ranch 48 

87.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Tularosa  River 48 

88.  Design  on  vase  from  San  Francisco  River 48 

89.  Designs  from  bowl  from  Blue 49 

90.  Design  from  a dipper  from  Tularosa  River 49 

91.  Design  from  a red  bowl  from  Apache  Creek 50 

92.  Bird  design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 50 

93.  Bird  design  from  a vase  from  Blue 50 

94.  Bird  fret  from  a vase  from  Blue 51 

95.  Bird  terrace  design  from  a vase  from  Blue 51 

96.  Design  from  a vase  from  Tularosa  River. 51 

97.  Design  from  a vase  from  Tularosa  River 51 

98.  Design  from  the  neck  of  a vase  from  Tularosa  River 52 

99.  Design  from  a bird-form  vase  from  San  Francisco  River 52 

100.  Design  from  a vase  from  Blue 52 

101.  Design  from  a bird-form  vase  from  San  Francisco  River 52 

102.  Design  from  a vase  from  Tularosa  River 52 

103.  Design  from  a vase  from  Tularosa  River 53 

104.  Design  from  a vase  from  Spur  Ranch 53 

105.  Design  from  a vase  from  Apache  Creek 53 

106.  Design  from  a vase  from  San  Francisco  River 53 

107.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 54 

108.  Design  from  a vase  from  Spur  Ranch 54 

109.  Design  from  a vase  from  Spur  Ranch 55 

110.  Design  from  a vase  from  Fort  Bayard 55 

111.  Design  from  the  handle  of  a dipper  from  Tularosa  River 55 

112.  Design  from  the  handle  of  a dipper  from  Tularosa  River 55 

113.  Design  from  the  rim  of  a vase  from  Tularosa  River 55 

114.  Design  from  a bird-shaped  vase  from  Blue 55 

115.  Design  from  a bird-shaped  vase  from  Blue 56 

116.  Design  from  a red  bowl  from  Blue 56 

117.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 56 


X 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

118.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 57 

119.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 57 

120.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 57 

121.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 57 

122.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 57 

123.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 57 

124.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 57 

125.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 58 

126.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 58 

127.  Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue 58 

128.  Hook  made  of  bent  and  twisted  branch  from  Blue  River 59 

129.  Example  of  sectioning  wood  from  Tularosa  Cave 60 

130.  Example  of  sectioning  wood  from  Tularosa  Cave 60 

131.  Wooden  pin  from  Tularosa  Cave 60 

132.  Sawing  on  brittle  wood  from  Tularosa  Cave 61 

133.  Cylindrical  block  from  Tularosa  Cave 61 

134.  Cylindrical  block  from  Tularosa  Cave 61 

135.  Cylindrical  block  from  Tularosa  Cave 61 

136.  Bunt  head  for  throwdart  from  Tularosa  Cave 61 

137.  Wooden  die  from  Tularosa  Cave 61 

138.  Stone  knife  or  dart  head  from  Tularosa  Cave 62 

139.  Roundel  rod  from  Silver  City,  New  Mexico 62 

140.  Examples  of  arrow  construction  from  Blue  River 63 

141.  Examples  of  fitting  arrow  foreshafts  from  Blue  River.. .• 64 

142.  Examples  of  setting  arrow  points  from  Blue  River 65 

143.  Plain,  bunt,  and  barbed  arrows  from  Blue  River 66 

144.  Decoration  of  arrow  from  Blue  River 66 

145.  Knots  in  yucca  strips  from  Tularosa  Cave 67 

146.  Lashings  of  yucca  strips  from  Tularosa  Cave 68 

147.  Cord  making  series  from  Tularosa  Cave 70 

148.  Feather  cord  making  from  Tularosa  Cave 71 

149.  Feather  jacket  from  Tularosa  Cave 72 

150.  Method  of  wearing  cord  jacket,  belt,  and  loin  cords  from  Tularosa  Cave. . 73 

151.  Spindle  whorl  from  Camp  Verde 73 

152.  Spindle  whorl  from  near  Phoenix,  Arizona 74 

153.  Spindle  whorl  from  Pueblo  Viejo  Valley,  Upper  Gila 74 

154.  Spindle  whorl  from  Solomonsville,  Arizona 74 

155.  Wound  cord  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 74 

156.  Ball  or  copp  of  yucca  cord  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 75 

157.  Braid  of  yucca  from  Eagle  Creek 75 

158.  Braided  sash  from  Tularosa  Cave 75 

159.  Braided  fringe  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 76 

160.  Ornamented  cloth  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 77 

161.  Ornamented  cloth  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 77 

162.  Ornamented  cloth  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 78 

163.  Ornamented  cloth  from  Casa  Grande 78 

164.  Detail  of  pattern  of  ornamented  cloth  from  Casa  Grande 79 

165.  Ornamented  cloth  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 79 

166.  Ornamented  cloth  from  Bear  Creek  Cave .* 80 

167.  Sacred  cigarette  with  woven  sash  from  Phoenix 80 

168.  Ornamented  woven  band  from  Red  Rock 81 

169.  Pattern  of  woven  band  from  Red  Rock 81 

170.  Woven  fabric  band  from  Red  Rock 82 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


XI 


Page. 

171.  Knot  work  band  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 82 

172.  Sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave 83 

173.  Sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave 84 

174.  Sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave 84 

175.  Sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave 84 

176.  Shoe-sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave 85 

177.  Shoe-sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave 86 

178.  Weaving  of  rushes  from  Tularosa  Cave 87 

179.  Top  of  twilled  basket  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 88 

180.  Detail  of  basket  rim  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 88 

181.  Basketry  cylinder  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 89 

182.  Twig  baho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 92 

183.  Twig  phho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 92 

184.  Twig  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 92 

185.  Twig  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 92 

186.  Twig  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 92 

187.  Twig  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 93 

188.  Twig  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 93 

189.  Beed  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 93 

190.  Reed  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 93 

191.  Twig  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 93 

192.  Stub  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 94 

193.  Stub  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 94 

194.  Twig  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 94 

195.  Reed  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 94 

196.  Head  of  stub  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 94 

197.  Head  of  stub  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 94 

198.  Crook  paho  from  Silver  City,  New  Mexico 95 

199.  Crook  paho  with  wooden  disk  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 95 

200.  Crotch  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 96 

201.  Roundel  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 96 

202.  Ceremonial  bow  and  arrows  from  the  Nishinam  Indians,  California 97 

203.  Bunt  head  ceremonial  arrow  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 98 

204.  Decorated  bow  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 98 

205.  Ceremonial  bow  and  arrows  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 99 

206.  Ceremonial  bow  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 99 

207.  Ceremonial  bow  with  cigarettes  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 99 

208.  Ceremonial  bow  from  Zuni  Salt  Lake 100 

209.  Ceremonial  bow  from  Zuni 101 

210.  Ceremonial  bow  from  Zuni 102 

211.  Carved  head  of  bird  staff  from  Blue  River 103 

212.  Carved  head  of  bird  staff  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 103 

213.  Carved  head  of  bird  staff  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 103 

214.  Marionette  bird  of  the  Hopi  Indians,  Arizona 104 

215.  Marionette  bird  of  the  Hopi  Indians,  Arizona 104 

216.  Carved  bird  from  Silver  City,  New  Mexico 104 

217.  Bird  design  on  plume  staff  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 105 

218.  Plumes  on  bird  paho  from  Silver  City,  New  Mexico 105 

219.  Plumes  on  bird  paho  from  Silver  City,  New  Mexico 106 

220.  Plumes  on  bird  paho  from  Silver  City,  New  Mexico 106 

221.  Disk  of  painted  wood  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 106 

222.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 107 

223.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 107 


xn 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

224.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 107  • 

225.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 107 

226.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 107 

227.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 108 

228.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 108 

229.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave.. 108 

230.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 108 

231.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Phoenix,  Arizona 108 

232.  Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 109 

233.  Ceremonial  cigarette  on  a bow  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 109 

234.  Ceremonial  cigarette,  double,  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 109 

235.  Ceremonial  cigarette,  double,  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 109 

236.  Ceremonial  cigarette,  double,  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 109 

237.  Ceremonial  cigarette,  quadruple,  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 109 

238.  Ceremonial  cigarette,  triple,  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 109 

239.  Ceremonial  cigarette,  quadruple,  from  Phoenix,  Arizona 109 

240.  Ceremonial  cigarette,  quadruple,  from  Phoenix,  Arizona 109 

241.  Ceremonial  cigarette  with  bead  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 109 

242.  Ceremonial  cigarette  with  bead  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 109 

243.  Ceremonial  cigarette  with  bead  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 110 

244.  Ceremonial  cigarette  with  bead  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 110 

245.  Ceremonial  cigarette  with  bead  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 110 

246.  Torch  of  rods  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 110 

247.  Pipe  in  process  from  Tularosa  Cave Ill 

248.  Pipe  of  pottery  from  Spur  Ranch Ill 

249.  Pipe  of  serpentine  from  Tularosa  River 112 

250.  Small  cloud  blower  from  Tularosa  River 112 

251.  Small  cloud  blower  from  Springerville,  Arizona 112 

252.  Cloud  blower  from  upper  San  Francisco  River 113 

253.  Cloud  blower  from  Blue 113 

254.  Cloud  blower  from  upper  San  Francisco  River 113 

255.  Cloud  blower  from  Arizona 113 

256.  Cloud  blower  from  Spur  Ranch 113 

257.  Cloud  blower  from  upper  San  Francisco  River 113 

258.  Cloud  blower  from  Spur  Ranch 114 

259.  Cloud  blower  from  Spur  Ranch 114 

260.  Pottery  figurine  from  Tularosa  Cave 116 

261.  Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 116 

262.  Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 116 

263.  Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 116 

264.  Pottery  figurine  from  Spur  Ranch 116 

265.  Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 116 

266.  Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 116 

267.  Pottery  figurine  from  Spur  Ranch 116 

268.  Pottery  figurine  from  Spur  Ranch 116 

269.  Pottery  figurine  from  Spur  Ranch 116 

270.  Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 116 

271.  Pottery  figurine  from  Spur  Ranch 116 

272.  Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 116 

273.  Pottery  figurine  from  Spur  Ranch 116 

274.  Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico - 116 

275.  Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 116 

276.  Pottery  figurine  from  Spur  Ranch 117 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


xin 


Page. 

277.  Pottery  figurine  from  Tularosa  Cave 117 

278..  Pottery  offering  from  Gallo  Spring 117 

279.  Pottery  offering  from  Gallo  Spring 118 

280.  Pottery  offering  from  Gallo  Spring 118 

281.  Pottery  offering  from  Gallo  Spring 118 

282.  Pottery  offering  from  Gallo  Spring llg 

283.  Pottery  offering  from  Gallo  Spring 118 

284.  Pottery  offering  from  Gallo  Spring 118 

285.  Pottery  offering  from  Gallo  Spring 118 

286.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 118 

287.  Pottery  offering  from  Gallo  Spring 118 

288.  Pottery  offering  from  Apache  Creek 119 

289.  Pottery  offering  from  Apache  Creek 119 

290.  Pottery  offering  from  Luna,  New  Mexico 119 

291.  Pottery  offering  from  Spur  Ranch 119 

292.  Pottery  offering  from  Spur  Ranch 119 

293.  Pottery  offering  from  Spur  Ranch 119 

294.  Pottery  offering  from  Spur  Ranch 119 

295.  Pottery  offering  from  Spur  Ranch 119 

296.  Pottery  offering  from  Spur  Ranch 119 

297.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 119 

298.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 119 

299.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

300.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

301.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

302.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

303.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

304.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

305.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

306.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

307.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

308.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 120 

309.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 121 

310.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 121 

311.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 121 

312.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 121 

313.  Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 121 

314.  Pottery  offering  with  painted  design  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 122 

315.  Pottery  offering  with  painted  design  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 122 

316.  Design  on  pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 122 

317.  Basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 123 

318.  Basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 123 

319.  Design  on  basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 124 

320.  Design  on  basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 124 

321.  Design  on  basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 124 

322.  Design  on  basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 124 

323.  Design  on  basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave.  125 

324.  Design  on  basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 125 

325.  Design  on  basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 125 

326.  Design  on  basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 125 

327.  Flute  paho  painted  design  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 126 

328.  Flute  with  burnt  ornament  from  Tularosa  Cave 126 

329.  Flute  paho  of  basketry  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 126 


XIV 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

330.  Flute  paho  painted  design  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 126 

331.  Flute  paho  of  basketry  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 126 

332.  Heed  dice  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 127 

333.  Heed  dice  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 127 

334.  Heed  dice  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 127 

335.  Heed  dice  offerings  from  Tularosa  Cave 127 

336.  Cross  paho  from  San  Francisco  River 128 

337.  Snake  paho  from  Eagle  Creek 129 

338.  Reed  paho  from  Tularosa  Cave 129 

339.  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 130 

340.  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 130 

341.  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 130 

342.  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 131 

343.  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. . 131 

344.  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 131 

345.  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 131 

346.  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 132 

347.  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 132 

348  Ornament  of  votive  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave 132 


CULTURE  OF  THE  ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  THE  UPPER 
GILA  RIYER  REGION,  NEW  MEXICO  AND  ARIZONA. 

SECOND  MUSEUM-GATES  EXPEDITION. 


By  Walter  Hough,, 

Curator,  Division  of  Ethnology,  United  States  National  Museum. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  object  of  the  Museum- Gates  Expedition  was  to  examine  into 
the  location,  distribution,  extent,  and  class  of  ruins  in  areas  adjoin- 
ing those  already  explored  or  partially  explored  by  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  and  during  the  two  seasons’  work  which 
was  made  possible  by  the  interest  and  liberality  of  Peter  Goddard 
Gates,  much  of  value  was  accomplished.  The  season  of  1901  was 
spent  in  northeastern  Arizona  in  investigations  of  ruins  which  had 
not  been  examined  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  in  previous  years,  the 
results  of  which  are  published  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum  for  1901.  In  1905  the  work  was  resumed 
and  adjoining  territory  south  of  the  White  Mountains  in  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico,  on  the  Blue,  San  Francisco,  and  Tularosa  Rivers, 
was  examined,  thus  connecting  the  work  with  that  carried  on  by 
Doctor  Fewkes  and  the  writer  in  the  region  of  the  Upper  Gila  during 
the  year  1897. 

The  results  of  the  second  Museum-Gates  Expedition  are  perhaps 
even  more  important  than  those  of  the  expedition  of  1901.  Of 
objective  material  the  results  comprise  a collection  of  several  thou- 
sand artifacts,  and  especially  valuable^  because  of  its  richness  in 
perishable  objects  which  had  been  preserved  in  caves  or  other  pro- 
tective situations.  The  study  of  this  series  in  connection  with  the 
field  notes,  plans  of  sites,  and  natural  history  collections  is  expected 
to  throw  much  light  on  an  archeological  area  that  has  not  heretofore 
been  scientifically  explored. 

The  general  considerations  concerning  the  geography  and  physi- 
ography, history,  inhabitants,  culture,  and  the  distribution  of  the 
ruins  of  this  region  have  been  presented  in  Bulletin  35  of  the  Bureau 
of  American  Ethnology,  Washington,  1907.  Wherever  possible, 
comparisons  have  been  made  with  the  customs  of  the  actual  Pueblos. 

14278°— Bull.  87—14 2 1 


2 BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

ITINERARY. 

The  second  Museum-Gates  expedition  party,  consisting  of  P.  G. 
Gates,  Dr.  Walter  Hough,  and  Clancey  M.  Lewis,  with  Edward 
Gannett  as  teamster  and  guide,  assembled  at  Clifton,  Arizona,  on 
June  8,  1905,  and  after  outfitting,  began  the  journey  north,  following 
San  Francisco  River.  Small  ruins  were  noted  between  Clifton  and 
Carpenter,  at  the  mouth  of  Blue  River,  and  at  the  latter  place  the 
examination  of  several  sites  required  a stay  of  three  days.  The 
heavy  rains  of  the  previous  winter  had  obliterated  the  road  along 
the  San  Francisco  River,  and  for  this  reason  it  was  decided  to  fol- 
low Blue  River  to  its  head,  whence  it  would  be  easy  to  cross  into 
the  valley  of  the  San  Franciso.  At  J.  H.  Cosper’s  farm  a stay  of 
a week  was  made,  and  ruins  in  the  vicinity,  especially  the  great 
Bacred  cavern  on  Bear  Creek,  were  thoroughly  examined.  This 
locality  is  the  southern  limit  of  the  reconnoissance  made  by  the 
writer  in  1903.  Two  weeks  were  employed  in  the  excavation  of  im- 
portant ruins  at  Blue  Post  Office,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Charles  Martin. 
At  this  point  Mr.  Gates  left  the  party,  returning  to  Los  Angeles, 
and  shortly  after  his  departure  the  camp  was  swept  away  by  one 
of  the  cloud-bursts  peculiar  to  this  region,  the  members  of  the 
party  narrowly  escaping  injury.  On  August  8,  Luna,  on  the  upper 
San  Francisco  River,  in  western  Socorro  County,  New  Mexico,  was 
reached.  Here  the  party  stayed  eight  days,  moving  thence  by  the 
way  of  East  Camp  to  the  N.  H.  Ranch  in  the  beautiful  valley  of 
Apache  Creek.  Large  ruins  in  this  neighborhood  occupied  the 
party  for  a week,  when  a move  was  made  by  way  of  Gallo  Spring 
to  Delgar’s  Ranch,  near  Joseph  Post  Office;  in  the  Tularosa  River 
Valley,  where  a stay  of  four  days  was  made.  Near  the  former  site 
of  Old  Fort  Tularosa,  now  Plaza  Aragon,  12  days  were  spent 
in  working  in  an  interesting  cave.  From  this  place  the  party  pro- 
ceeded by  forced  marches  northward  across  the  Datil  Mountains 
down  Mangas  Canyon  to  the  Rito  Quemado  and  the  sacred  Salt  Lake 
of  the  Zuhi,  arriving  at  Zuhi  Pueblo  on  September  18.  After  a 
stay  of  three  days  here,  the  party  reached  the  Santa  Fe  railroad  at 
Gallup,  New  Mexico,  on  the  22d.  having  been  in  the  field  three  and 
a half  months. 

TULAROSA  CAVE. 

The  Tularosa  is  a small  tributary  of  San  Francisco  River,  flowing 
southwest  from  its  source  in  the  Datil  Mountains  and  emptying  a 
few  miles  above  Reserve  Post  Office,  Socorro  County,  New  Mexico. 
In  its  middle  course  it  flows  through  a beautiful  plain  surrounded  by 
mountains,  and  in  its  lower  course  traverses  a deep  canyon.  Beyond 
the  upper  end  of  the  valley,  above  the  clear,  rushing  mountain 
stream,  is  a bold  cliff  of  yellow  tuff  in  which  is  a cave  of  moderate, 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


3 


dimensions,  which  at  an  earlier  time  formed  the  rear  chamber  of  a 
row  of  stone  houses  built  across  its  front  and  protected  by  the  shelter 
of  the  overhanging  cliff.  Only  a few  courses  of 
flimsy  masonry  marked  the  ground  plan  of  the 
houses,  all  the  rest  of  the  structure  being  buried 
in  the  steep  talus  which  slopes  to  the  Magdalena 
road  by  the  stream. 

The  cave  was  filled  almost  to  the  roof  with 
debris,  only  a small  portion  of  which  had  been 
disturbed  by  searchers  who  removed  a desiccated 
body  buried  not  far  from  the  entrance.  The 
material  collected  from  the  cave  represents  in 
greater  part  the  domestic  life  of  the  people  who 
lived  in  the  stone  houses. 

It  might  well  be  true  that  in  the  earliest  time 
the  cave  was  a shelter  for  bear,  and  the  well- 
packed  mass  of  grass  and  leaves  of  plants  over 
the  irregular  floor  may  have  been  the  bedding 
of  these  animals.  This  mass  is  now  packed 
densely  and  contains  little  of  the  personal  effects 
of  human  beings ; but  instead  of  being  the  work 
of  bears  it  may  have  been  the  couch  of  women 
and  children,  who  in  early  Pueblo  times  slept 
deep  in  the  shelter  of  the  cave  in  the  darkness 
behind  the  screen  of  houses,  where  the  men  held 
guard  with  bow  never  far  from  hand. 

Subsequently  the  cave  became  more  and  more 
filled  with  discarded  things,  and  different  levels 
appear  in  the  section.  Thus  at  two  different 
periods  a portion,  at  least,  of  the  cave  was  given  over  to  the  turkey 
pen  and  at  another  level  there  had  been  human  inhabitation,  and 


Fig.  2. — Pottery  fire  vessel  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


a grass  stem  hairbrush  like  that  of  the  present  Pueblos  (fig.  1) 
was  found  here.  A fire  pot  (fig.  2,  Cat.  No.  256582,  U.S.N.M. ; 


4 BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

diameter,  7%  inches;  height,  3|  inches),  ashes,  and  other  traces  of  fire 
were  seen.  In  several  parts  of  the  cave  were  areas  which  had  been 
burnt,  but  the  fires  had  died  out  before  extending  very  far.  These  fires 
could  not  be  definitely  assigned  to  periods  previous  to  the  presence 
of  the  white  man  in  this  region,  but  the  presumption  is  that  some 
of  them  were  accidental  during  ancient  occupancy  of  the  cave.  The 
fire  pot,  lined  with  ash  cement,  shows  that  precautions  were  neces- 
sary to  prevent  fire  among  the  inflammable  materials  round  about. 
Burials,  of  which  there  were  apparently  four,  required  digging  down 
into  the  rubbish  for  the  deposit  of  the  dead,  but  these  grave  openings 
were  begun  at  different  levels  as  the  rubbish  accumulated,  the  lowest 
being  that  of  a child  (see  pis.  27,  28),  and  the  highest,  that  of  an 
adult,  whose  remains  are  now  in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Andrus,  of 
Hackensack,  New  Jersey.  In  clearing  out  the  debris  a round  hole 
was  found  to  have  been  excavated  in  the  matted  grass  down  to  the 
bottom  of  the  deepest  portion  of  the  cave,  and  which  had  subse- 
quently been  filled  up.  The  walls  of  this  hole  were  quite  regular  and 
the  diameter  about  2 feet.  Nothing  but  rubbish  was  found  in  the 
hole,  and  it  is  impossible  to  say  what  it  was  used  for.  Loose  and  fixed 
stones  and  a few  small  bows  and  arrows  and  other  offerings  were  en- 
countered near  a rock  mass,  according  with  the  custom  of  locating 
shrines  still  observed  by  the  present  Pueblos. 

In  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  cave  still  remain  some 
marks  of  the  industries  of  the  inhabitants.  In  front  of  the  cave  is 
a considerable  talus  lying  against  the  steep  hillside,  held  in  place 
to  a great  extent  by  the  vegetation  nourished  in  the  rich  soil.  No 
pictographs  or  other  artificial  scarrings  exist  on  the  faces  of  the  tufa 
cliff,  as  this  is  not  an  enduring  material  for  preserving  records  of 
such  character.  At  one  side  of  the  entrance  is  a splendid  block  of 
fine-grained  gray  rock  on  whose  surface  are  regular  oval  shallow 
pits  in  which  stone  implements  were  sharpened. 

The  overhang  above  the  cave  is  a breccia  of  basalt  and  tufa  lined 
with  mud  nests  of  swallows,  and  formerly  masses  of  this  cliff  have 
broken  away,  one  large  section  having  fallen  into  the  houses  and 
blocked  the  mouth  of  the  cave. 

NATURAL  HISTORY. 

MAMMALS. 

The  finds  in  the  rejectage  in  the  cave  at  the  rear  of  the  Tularosa 
cliff  house  shed  much  light  on  the  extent  to  which  animal  life  entered 
into  the  material  culture  of  these  ancients.  Here  were  found,  in 
conditions  particularly  favorable  for  their  preservation,  remains  of 
the  following  mammals,  identified  by  Dr.  Marcus  W.  Lyon,  jr.,1 

1 Mammal  Remains  from  Two  Prehistoric  Village  Sites  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat  Mus.,  vol.  31,  1906,  pp.  647-649. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  1 


Desiccated  Turkey  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


5 


and  of  birds,  identified  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Richmond,  of  the  United  States 
National  Museum: 

Deer  ( Odocoileus  sp.).  Probably  both  the  white-tailed  and  mule 
deer. 

Pronghorn  ( Antilocapra  americana  (Ord).  Fragments  of  skin 
and  the  entire  skin  of  a young  individual  were  found,  the  latter  form- 
ing part  of  the  wrapping  around  the  desiccated  body  of  an  infant. 

Bison  or  American  Buffalo  ( Bison  bison  Linnaeus).  Various 
bones,  a horn,  and  a small  piece  of  skin  forming  the  sole  of  a sandal, 
also  cord  twisted  from  the  hair. 

Rock  spermophile  {Citellus  grammurus  (Say)). 

Marmot  or  woodchuck  ( Marmota  flaviv  enter  or  engelhardtif) . 

Sonoran  white-footed  mouse  ( Peromyscus  sonoriensis  (LeConte)). 

Rio  Grande  white-footed  mouse  ( Peromyscus  tornillo  Meams). 

Wood  rat  ( Neotoma  sp.). 

Pallid  muskrat  ( Fiber  zibethicus  pallidus  Meams). 

Jack  rabbit  ( Lepus  sp.). 

Cottontail  rabbit  ( Sylvilagus  sp.). 

Plateau  lynx  ( Lynx  bailey i Merriam). 

Scott’s  gray  fox  ( Urocyon  cinereoargenteus  scottii  Mearns). 

Common  skunk  {Mephitis  estor  Merriam). 

Spotted  skunk  {Spilogale  sp.). 

Southwestern  grizzly  bear  {Ursus  horribilis  horriceus  (Baird)). 

From  Apache  Creek,  Tularosa  River,  come  several  skulls  of  Mearns 
coyote  {Canis  mearnsi ),  but  no  remains  of  the  domestic  dog  were 
found  in  any  of  the  sites,  yet  as  cord  made  apparently  of  dog  hair 
was  found  in  the  Tularosa  cave,  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  this 
animal  was  absent  from  this  region. 

From  the  open-air  ruin  at  Blue  post  office,  Arizona,  were  recovered 
remains  of  deer,  wood  rat,  jack  rabbit,  cottontail  rabbit,  cougar  or 
puma,  plateau  lynx,  Scott’s  gray  fox,  and  the  black  bear. 

It  is  evident,  also,  that  the  list  does  not  comprise  all  the  mammals 
made  use  of  by  the  people  who  lived  in  Tularosa  cave,  since  strips  of 
skin  worked  into  elements  for  weaving  blankets  and  clothing,  like  the 
fur  robes  made  at  present  by  the  Hopi,  Ute,  and  many  other  far- 
western  tribes  and  anteriorly  by  the  eastern  Indians,  show  pelage  of  a 
number  of  species. 

BIRDS 

Western  red-tailed  hawk  {Buteo  borealis  calurus).  A desiccated 
bird  in  down. 

Merriam’s  turkey  {Meleagria  gallopavo  merriami).  A desiccated 
adult  bird  (pi.  1),  parts  of  other  individuals,  desiccated  chicks,  and 
a number  of  eggs  were  found  in  a portion  of  the  cave  which  was  evi- 
dently a pen  where  turkeys  were  kept  in  captivity,  there  being  great 
quantities  of  the  droppings  of  the  birds  in  the  debris.  The  turkey 


6 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


was  most  useful  in  furnishing  feathers  for  the  manufacture  of  warm 
clothing  (for  manufacture  of  costume  see  p.  71),  much  needed  at  this 
elevation,  and  were  kept  for  the  purpose  like  sheep  at  a later  period. 
The  discovery  of  ancient  turkey  compounds  is  mentioned  by  the 
earlier  explorers  in  the  Pueblo  region,  and  Castaneda  was  presented 
at  Acoma  in  1540  with  numbers  of  (turkey)  66  cocks  with  very  big 
wattles.” 1 Castaneda  also  mentions  in  his  description  of  Pueblo  life 
that  “ there  are  a great  many  native  fowls  in  these  provinces,  and 
cocks  with  great  hanging  chins.”2  Mention  is  also  made  of  the  use 
of  turkey  feathers  for  clothing. 

A foot,  with  leg  bone  attached,  of  a species  of  grackle  ( Quiscalus ) 
completes  the  list  of  bird  remains  found  in  the  cave,  except  feathers, 
which  belong  to  a number  of  species  identified  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson. 
The  collections  from  this  region  show  the  importance  of  bird  life  in 


a be  d 

Fig.  3. — Trade  bundle  op  parrot  feathers  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


domestic  economy,  costume,  and  religion.  For  the  extent  to  which 
birds  were  known  to  the  Pueblos  one  need  but  examine  the  ornitho- 
logical vocabulary  of  the  Hopi  by  Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  A.,3  Dr. 
J.  Walter  Fewkes’s  description  of  the  symbolism  on  Sikyatki  pot- 
tery,4 and  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson’s  memoir  on  the  Zuni.5 

Haven  ( Corvus  corax  sinuatus). 

Bluebird  ( Sialia  mexicana  Baird). 

Parrot  ( Rhynchopsitta  pachyrhynchus) . Feathers  of  this  parrot 
were  much  prized  (see  fig.  3). 

Big  macaw  (Ara  militaris).  This  bird  is  not  found  farther  north 
than  extreme  southern  Sonora,  and  the  feather  must  have  passed  into 
the  hands  of  the  Tularosa  people  through  aboriginal  commerce,  which 
in  Mexico,  as  Sahagun  relates,  was  conducted  by  traders  of  feathers, 
etc.,  to  distant  places. 

1 The  Coronado  Expedition,  14th  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Ethnology,  p.  491. 

2 Idem,  p.  521. 

3 Amer.  Anthropologist,  vol.  9,  Dec.  1896,  p.  391. 

4 Archeological  Expedition  to  Arizona  in  1895,  17th  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology. 

5 The  Zuni  Indians,  23d  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPEB  GILA  BEGIOK.  7 

Jay  ( Gyanocitta  stelleri  diademata  and  Cyanocephalus  cyanopha- 
lus). 

Flicker  ( Colaptus  cafer). 

Woodpecker  (Balance  sphyra).  The  scalp  used  for  decoration 
among  the  California  Indians. 

A plume  consisting  of  two  jay  feathers  attached  to  a cord  of  wiry 
fiber  of  the  yucca  or  dasylirion  was  found  in  the  debris.  The  quills 
of  the  feathers  are  bent  over  and  secured  in  a loop  of 
the  strand  of  cord  and  the  latter  was  then  twisted 
below  the  fastening  into  a two-strand  string.  One  of 
the  feathers  appears  to  be  cut,  as  in  the  feather  sym- 
bolism of  the  Plains  tribes  (fig.  4,  Cat.  No.  246372, 

U.S.N.M.). 

Sparrowhawk  ( Falco  sparverious  phalcena). 

Snowbird  (Junco  sp.)  and 

Night  heron  ( Nycticorax  nycticorax  ncevius). 

A trade  bundle  of  parrot  feathers,  so  prized  by  the 
Pueblo  Indians,  was  found  in  the  Tularosa  cave.  This 
very  interesting  relic  of  early  commerce  consists  of  a 
strip  of  wildcat  skin,  which  forms  the  wrapping  of  a 
small  bundle  of  the  parrot  feathers,  which  (fig.  3,  a,  b) 
were  tied  in  a neat  bunch  with  a fiber,  inclosed  in  the 
skin  (fig.  3,  c ),  and  secured  with  a cord  of  yucca 
(fig.  3,  d).  It  is  probable  that  these  feathers  were 
procured  in  the  Huachuca  and  Chiricahua  Mountains, 
where  the  thick-billed  parrot  has  been  known  to  range. 

OTHER  ANIMALS. 

Remains  of  the  tortoise,  lizard,  and  snakes  were 
somewhat  frequently  found. 

An  interesting  use  of  the  iridescent  thighs  of  the 
California  fruit  beetle  (Allorhina  mutabilis)  for  beads  was  observed 
in  the  Bear  Creek  cave. 

CORN. 

Ears  and  scattered  grains  of  corn  were  found  in  some  quantity  in 
the  Tularosa  Cave,  where  it  had  evidently  been  placed  with  burials. 
The  ears  are  3 of  8,  2 of  12,  and  one  of  16  rows.  One  cob  is  of  18 
rows.  The  grains  are  smooth  and  short,  of  yellow,  blue,  and  carmine, 
but  much  faded  by  aging.  The  cob  is  generally  slender,  sometimes 
bifed  or  showing  a tendency  to  pairing,  and  the  typical  ear  is  5 inches 
long,  while  there  seems  to  be  a preponderance  of  stout  nubbins.  (PI. 
2,  figs.  1-12,  4|  to  5f  inches  long.)  From  Spur  Ranch,  near  Luna, 
New  Mexico,  come  6 cobs  of  8,  and  2 of  10  rows.  The  cobs  are  3J  to 


8 BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

5f  inches  long,  and  slender,  being  1J  to  | inches  in  diameter.  In  the 
upper  Blue  River  caves  the  cobs  are  of  12  rows.  No  grains  were 
found.  In  the  Johnson  caves,  middle  Blue  River,  the  cobs  are  of  10 
rows  and  from  3 to  7^  inches  long,  in  the  upper  cave,  and  in  the  lower 
cave,  which  had  never  been  entered  by  white  people  previous  to  this 
exploration,  the  12  cobs  obtained  there  are  5 of  10,  6 of  12,  and  1 of  16 
rows,  measuring  4f  to  6J  inches  in  length  and  J to  1£  inches  diameter. 
From  a cave  near  Silver  City,  New  Mexico  (Cat.  No.  58180,  U.S.N.M., 
collector  H.  H.  Rusby),  the  specimen  is  of  10  rows,  the  cob  slender 
and  4 inches  long.  From  Beaver  Creek,  near  Camp  Verde,  Arizona, 
corncobs  (Cat.  No.  88403,  U.S.N.M.,  collected  by  A.  R.  Marvine)  are 
of  8 and  10  rows. 

The  corn  of  the  ancient  Tarahumares  secured  by  James  Mooney 
from  a cave  near  Aguas  Calientes,  southwestern  Chihuahua,  (Cat. 
No.  209381,  U.S.N.M.),  is  of  8 and  10  rows,  with  red  and  mottled 
orange  or  yellow  rugose  grains  deeply  set  in  the  septse  of  the  cob. 
The  ears  are  4 to  5 inches  long  and  the  cob  f inch  in  diameter. 

From  Wukoki  (Black  Falls)  ruin  on  the  Little  Colorado  River, 
Arizona,  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  collected  6 corncobs,  3 each  of  8 and 
10  rows.  (Cat.  No.  270391,  U.S.N.M.)  One  ear  of  8-rowed  corn  in 
a charred  state  was  removed  from  Kawaiokuh  ruin,  Jetty  to  Valley, 
northeastern  Arizona,  by  the  writer.  Seven  cobs  from  the  cliff  ruins 
of  Canyon  Del  Muerto,  northeastern  Arizona,  from  the  collection  of 
the  Museum  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  (Cat,  No.  250292,  U.S.N.M.), 
show  2 of  10,  4 of  12,  and  1 of  14  rows.  They  are  4\  to  6J  inches 
long  and  uniformly  J inch  in  diameter.  Eight  ears  from  this  col- 
lection show  1 of  8,  2 of  10,  4 of  12,  and  1 of  16  rows.  The  colors 
are  faded  red,  yellow,  and  black.  Some  of  the  ears  have  small  trans- 
lucent grains,  and  some  of  the  grains  of  the  mature  corn  are  dented. 
From  Cliff  Palace,  Mesa  Verde,  southern  Colorado,  Dr.  J.  Walter 
Fewkes  collected  10  cobs,  3 of  which  are  12  and  7 of  10  rows.  The 
ears  are  3J  to  5 inches  long  and  $■  to  1 inch  diameter.  (Cat.  No. 
257467,  U.S.N.M.)  From  Spruce-tree  House,  Mesa  Verde,  the  cobs, 
numbering  10,  show  great  variety,  being  2 of  10,  5 of  12,  and  1 each 
of  8,  14,  and  16  rows.  The  cobs  measure  4 to  5J  inches  long  and  J 
to  1 inch  in  diameter.  One  well-preserved  ear  comes  from  Wickiup 
Canyon,  San  Juan  County,  Utah,  collected  by  A.  C.  Jessup.  (Cat. 
No.  237845,  U.S.N.M.)  It  is  8-rowed,  with  small,  smooth,  yellow, 
flinty  grains.  The  ear  is  4 inches  long  and  If  inches  in  diameter. 
The  Mesa  Verde  corn  is  8,  10,  and  12  rowed.  (Cat.  No.  255196, 
U.S.N.M.,  W.  L.  Shear  collector;  three  specimens.) 

Four  specimens  of  cobs  from  a cavate  lodge  near  Santa  Clara,  New 
Mexico  (Cat.  No.  234781,  U.S.N.M.,  collected  by  Mrs.  M.  C.  Steven- 
son), are  12,  14,  and  16  rowed,  5 inches  long  and  1 inch  in  diameter. 
One  cob  has  been  dressed  down  for  use  and  another  has  a feather  and 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  2 


Corn  Ears,  Cobs  and  Stems  of  Ears  that  have  been  Strung. 

For  explanation  of  plate  see  pages  7 and  9. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION.  9 

a wooden  point  stuck  in  the  pith  to  make  a dart.  An  ear  stalk  in 
this  lot  is  quite  large  and  has  seven  joints.  The  Hopi  corn,  which 
preserves  best  the  ancient  Pueblo  type,  is  generally  of  12  rows,  the 
smaller  grains,  “ pop  corn,”  are  of  14  and  16  rows. 

An  interesting  object  consisting  of  a row  of  ears  of  new  corn 
strong  on  yucca  fiber  cord  comes  from  the  Tularosa  Cave.  (PI.  2, 
fig.  13.)  The  Pueblos  were  accustomed  to  prepare  new  corn  in  this 
manner  for  hanging  from  the  rafters  of  the  house  for  winter  use. 
Another  similarity  is  the  corncob  smoothed  by  wear  among  the 
Pueblos  for  dressing  cord,  and  perhaps  used  by  the  ancients  for  the 
same  purpose.  Game  darts  of  corncob  with  a feather  thrust  into  one 
end  like  those  now  seen  among  the  Pueblos  appear  to  have  been  made 
by  the  ancient  peoples  of  this  region.  The  husk  is  found  attached 
to  pahos,  or  prayer  sticks,  overlaid  on  cord,  shredded  for  some  pur- 
pose, and  in  one  case  made  into  a sandal.  Sections  or  joints  of  corn- 
stalk, showing  a comparatively  slender  plant,  are  found  in  the  caves, 
and  from  the  Tularosa  Cave  comes  a joint  with  the  base  of  the  ear 
and  husk  attached.  A tassel  was  also  recovered  from  the  debris. 
Corn  husk  tied  in  bundles  is  common  in  nearly  all  the  sites  explored, 
and  a number  of  neatly  folded  bundles  of  dried  green  leaves  were 
encountered  during  the  work. 

COTTON. 

Seeds  of  cotton  were  apparently  not  present  in  the  sites  investi- 
gated, but  there  was  abundance  of  cord  and  cloth,  indicating  that 
cotton  was  employed  to  some  extent.  Tularosa  Cave,  where  the  fullest 
series  of  objects  illustrating  the  life  of  the  former  inhabitants  of  the 
region  were  found,  is  at  too  great  an  elevation  for  the  raising  of  cot- 
ton, but  the  lower  Blue  and  Gila  have  a suitable  climate,  and,  with- 
out doubt,  cotton  was  anciently  raised  there,  as  it  has  been  up  to  quite 
recent  times  by  the  Pima  on  the  lower  Gila.  The  cotton  used  by  the 
tribes  inhabiting  the  colder  portions  of  the  area  was  brought  to  them 
by  aboriginal  commerce. 


GOURDS  AND  SQUASHES. 

Gourds  of  several  varieties  were  employed  for  various  economic 
and  ceremonial  purposes,  but  the  fruits  were  small,  so  far  as  can  be 
deduced  from  the  remains  of  the  shells.  These  are  a necked  species, 
smooth  and  having  a rather  thick  rind,  which  assumes  a beautiful 
dark-brown  color  and  high  polish  from  age  and  handling;  a rugose 
species  with  thin  yellow  rind,  showing  green  irregular  bands  and  dry- 
ing irregularly ; a species  with  very  thin  smooth  yellow  rind  without 
markings,  the  rind  sometimes  cut  into  rows  of  points  evidently  as 
ornaments  or  ceremonial  decoration;  and  the  small  wild  gourd,  the 
rind  of  which  is  very  fragile  and  much  marked.  The  wild  gourd  is 


10 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


commonly  found  in  cave  rubbish,  but  on  account  of  its  extreme  bitter- 
ness it  may  not  have  been  eaten,  and  the  shell  is  too  thin  for  practi- 
cal uses,  but  the  dried  chaffy  fibrous  pulp  may  have  been  valued  for 
some  purposes.  Necked  gourds  were  used  as  seed  vessels  (fig.  5,  diam- 
eter, 4J  inches;  height,  7 inches;  Cat.  No.  246294,  U.S.N.M.)  and 
dippers.  No  evidence  could  be  procured  that  gourd  rattles  were 
made.  Some  of  the  fragments  from  the  Tularosa  Cave  show  orna- 
mentation by  scratching  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  gourd.  Gourd 
shell  was  also  made  into  ornaments  (see  figs.  219  and  220),  probably 
representing  flowers,  as  among  the  Hopi  and  other  Pueblos,  and 
perforated  or  otherwise  worked  fragments  are  found  in  some  number 
in  the  cave  debris.  One  potter’s  tool  of  gourd  in  the  form  of  a spoon- 
like spatula  and  resembling  those  used  at  present 
by  the  Pueblos,  was  taken  from  the  Tularosa  Cave. 
Squash  stems  are  common  in  the  caves,  and  occa- 
sionally pieces  of  the  rind  are  seen.  The  stems 
are  large  and  bulbous,  indicating  a bulky  fruit. 

Seeds  of  the  squash  and  of  other  plants  of 
this  genus  are  sometimes  preserved  in  the  cave 
deposits. 

BEANS. 

Beans  of  apparently  three  varieties  were  among 
the  valuable  food  resources  of  the  tribes  of  the 
upper  Gila-Salt  drainage.  One  of  these  is  a 
dark  purple,  medium  size,  oblong  bean  of  the 
typical  kidney  shape;  another  a small  oblong, 
dark,  purple-brown  bean ; and  the  third  a small, 
rather  full,  yellow  bean.  Specimens  are  very  scarce  in  the  caves, 
though  the  dried  husks  are  frequently  observed. 


Fig.  5. — Gourd  seed 

VESSEL  FROM  TULA- 
ROSA Cave. 


FRUITS. 

The  banana-like  fruits  of  the  datil  ( Yucca  baccata ),  and  tunas 
from  cacti  of  several  species,  were  consumed  as  food,  as  no  doubt  were 
the  wild  gooseberry  and  other  fruits  in  season  along  the  mountains. 
It  is  known,  also,  from  specimens  found,  that  the  roasted  leaves  of 
the  agave,  which  furnish  an  agreeable  sweetmeat,  were  eaten  by  these 
Indians. 

The  wild  grape  grows  abundantly  along  the  streams  and  at  the 
time  of  blooming  fills  the  valleys  with  a delicious  odor.  The  fruit  is 
sour  but  edible. 


ROOTS. 

There  were  found  a number  of  roots  which  had  been  gathered  and 
dried  by  the  aborigines,  but  of  these  only  the  rough  masses  of  soap- 
root  ( Yucca  sp.)  and  of  the  wild  gourd  can  be  identified. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


11 


NUTS. 

Small  acorns,  such  as  are  now  eaten  by  the  Mexicans,  walnuts,  and 
piny  on  and  juniper  nuts  were  recovered  from  the  caves.  The  small 
oaks  furnishing  the  acorns  grow  on  the  high  land  above  the  streams, 
and  with  cedar  and  juniper  berries  form  the  principal  food  supply  of 
bears.  Walnuts  grow  in  profusion  along  the  streams,  the  trees  being 
quite  different  in  habit  from  those  in  the  East,  forming  clumps  of 
stems  clothed  in  dense  foliage  and  yielding  great  quantities  of  nuts. 

PAETS  OF  WILD  PLANTS. 

Spines  of  the  agave ; leaves  of  the  yucca  and  dasylirion ; the  curious 
woody  seed  cases  of  the  Oenethera ; the  devil’s  claw(  Martynia  sp.) ; 
grass  of  several  species;  Artemisia  sp. ; thistle,  Carduus  neo-mexi- 
canus / Amaranthus  palmeri;  stems  of  two  species  of  rush;  arrow 
reed ; pine  cones ; bark  of  cedar  and  oak ; galls  of  the 
oak ; pithy  stems  of  Ambrosia , the  white  pith  of  which 
was  used  on  offerings;  flowering  stems  of  the  yucca 
and  like  plants ; twigs  and  branches  of  various  shrubs ; 
openwork  stems  of  the  Cactus  opuntia  spinosior  Tou- 
rney; fungi,  lichen,  and  galls  were  found,  principally 
in  the  debris  of  Tularosa  Cave. 

Branches  of  oak,  the  twigs  coiled  up  at  the  ends, 
forming  a close  bunch  of  leaves,  were  numerous  in 
the  Tularosa  Cave.  The  use  of  these  leaf  bunches 
can  not  be  determined,  but  they  were  perhaps  gath- 
ered for  bedding.  fig.  6. — brush  of 

Strips  of  yucca  leaf  pounded  or  chewed  at  one  end  tularosa^aye 
to  release  the  fiber  were  employed  as  brushes  (fig.  6), 
like  those  used  by  the  present  Pueblos  for  decorating  pottery,  and 
brushes  for  cleaning  the  teeth  and  for  other  purposes  were  made  by 
chewing  the  ends  of  soft  sticks.  (Cat.  No.  246018,  U.S.N.M. ; length, 
4|  inches;  Tularosa  Cave.) 

STONE,  BONE,  SHELL,  AND  METAL. 

MATERIALS  AND  GENERAL  REMARKS. 

In  the  Pueblo  region  there  are  few  materials  found  in  place  suitable 
for  the  making  of  stone  implements,  and  the  natives  had  to  depend 
principally  on  detrital  quarries.  Especially  is  this  true  of  stone  suit- 
able for  flaking  and  chipping,  and  hence  the  region  lacks  in  the 
quantity,  boldness,  and  fineness  of  chipped  artifacts  found  in  other 
regions.  Chalcedony  and  wood  opals  are  in  place,  but  are  almost 
valueless  on  account  of  containing  flaws;  some  chalcedony,  however, 
could  be  worked  into  small  arrowheads  and  knives,  and  this  material 
was  often  ground  into  cylinders  and  highly  polished.  Obsidian  was 


12  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

found  in  the  form  of  small  water-worn  masses  in  gravels  of  the  larger 
streams  and  was  the  principal  material  employed  for  arrowheads. 
Occasionally  red  and  yellow  jasper  and  very  rarely  a specimen  of  the 
highly  prized  green  jasper  were  encountered.  Hematite  had  also  a 
limited  use.  A red  claystone,  resembling  catlinite,  a brownish  to 
grayish  slate,  a very  fine  dark  blue  soapstone,  turquoise,  variscite,  and 
occasionally  fluorite  were  used  for  beads,  but  the  commonest  material 
is  a white  calcite  which  occurs  in  layers  of  convenient  thickness,  and 
the  beads  made  from  this  material  resemble  closely  those  made  from 
shell.  Turquoise  also  occurs  in  laminae,  thus  facilitating  greatly  the 
manufacture  of  beads  from  this  comparatively  hard  stone.  The  rocks 
of  greatest  economic  importance  to  peoples  in  the  Pueblo  stage  of 
culture  are  those  of  tough  resistant  structure  and  those  of  crystalline 
structure.  The  former  are  abundant  in  the  volcanic  or  eruptive  rocks 
of  the  region,  hence  weapons,  hammers,  etc.,  could  be  made  of  good 
stone  when  found.  But  the  latter  are  scarce  and  abrasives  would 
have  to  be  supplied  by  stone  of  vesicular  character. 

The  art  of  working  stone  among  the  inhabitants  of  the  upper 
Tularosa  was  limited  in  extent  and  the  artifacts  crude,  but  a few 
miles  away,  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  river,  aboriginal  objects  are 
superior,  equalling  the  best  in  the  Pueblo  region.  Such  contrasts  are 
common  among  the  remains  of  the  ancient  Pueblos,  and  depend,  per- 
haps, on  the  number  of  people  inhabiting  a pueblo,  their  situation, 
well  being,  and  resources.  All  these  things,  when  favorable,  aid  in 
stimulating  arts.  It  is  invariably  found  that  the  artifacts  of  a large 
and  populous  pueblo  are  superior  to  those  of  a small  settlement,  even 
when  the  latter  is  in  the  same  valley  and  within  a few  miles  of  the  for- 
mer. It  appears  also  that  Pueblo  industries  were  specialized  in  ancient 
times ; that  is,  were  clan  industries  which  later  became  village  indus- 
tries, a social  feature  observed  all  over  the  world,  a good  example 
of  which  may  be  seen  in  the  basket  industry  of  the  Hopi  towns, 
where  wicker  baskets  are  confined  to  Oraibi  and  coiled  baskets  to 
most  of  the  Middle  Mesa  villages. 

Nevertheless,  where  these  conditions  are  satisfied  and  the  material 
for  making  stone  implements  is  abundant  and  accessible,  it  is  some- 
times found  that  the  art  of  working  stone  remains  in  a very  back- 
ward state,  and  sometimes,  on  the  contrary,  when  good  materials 
are  lacking  and  must  be  brought  long  distances,  the  art  shows  pecul- 
iar excellence.  Of  this  the  culture  remains  of  the  ancient  prairies 
and  plains  tribes  give  numerous  instances. 

It  is  not  safe,  also,  to  base  conclusions  as  to  the  artistic  rank  of  a 
group  of  people  on  the  rude  or  primitive  character  of  workmanship 
or  design  in  any  one  material.  We  may  find  that  axes,  hammers, 
metates,  rubbing  stones,  mortars,  etc.,  suggest  the  work  of  novices, 
of  people  in  a low  degree  of  culture,  or  of  those  who  are  satisfied  with 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  3 


Stone  Implements  for  Grinding  and  Abrading. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  13. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


13 


the  least  effort  to  produce  a given  result,  and  discover  to  our  sur- 
prise that  the  work  in  fine  stone,  shell,  and  bone  of  the  same  people 
evidences  a high  degree  of  skill  and  taste. 

It  might  be  well  to  inquire  whether  artistic  works  in  the  more 
enduring  materials  were  not  the  outcome  of  tribal  well-being  as 
regards  the  food  supply  and  the  resulting  leisure  to  perform  these 
works.  Unquestionably  there  are  seasonal  occupations  pursued  when 
the  land  and  rivers  are  yielding  sustenance  and  the  temperature  has 
reached  its  zonal  limit,  which  must  affect  man  as  it  affects  plants  and 
animals,  and  at  this  favorable  time,  to  take  the  Pueblos  as  examples, 
we  find  pottery  making,  weaving,  wood  carving,  and  such  arts  going 
on,  or  the  artistic  feeling  may  be  expressed  through  the  drama  of 
ceremonies.  Enforced  leisure  also  is  a powerful  stimulus ; for  exam- 
ple, the  western  Eskimo  utilize  their  long  night  not  only  in  the  prac- 
tical work  of  repairing  and  making  additions  to  the  hunting  equip- 
ment for  the  next  season,  but  in  carving  and  decorating  ivory,  wood, 
or  horn  objects  which  may  be  of  economic  value  or  merely  expressive 
of  a sentiment  for  art.  It  may  be  conceded  on  the  whole  that  the 
comparative  degree  of  advancement  or  efflorescence  of  art  is  due 
largely  to  the  material  well-being  of  social  units. 

DOMESTIC  UTENSILS  OF  STONE. 

The  most  common  domestic  utensils  of  stone  are  metates  and 
manos.  The  type  universal  through  the  Pueblo  region  is  common 
here.  The  metate  is  made  commonly  of  coarse  volcanic  rock,  and 
there  is  apparently  not  the  same  discrimination  as  to  the  grades  of 
fineness  of  stone  as  is  observed  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  Pueblo 
region.  Metates  with  feet,  after  the  Mexican  type,  do  not  belong  to 
this  region,  the  few  specimens  found  in  the  Gila  Valley  probably 
being  recent  introductions  from  the  country  to  the  south. 

The  mano,  which  is  always  made  nearly  as  wide  as  the  metate,  has 
a tendency  to  take  the  same  shape  on  wearing  as  those  of  the  present 
or  ancient  Hopi,  for  instance.  Ordinarily,  however,  the  mano  was 
a thick  oblong  stone  with  the  corners  rounded  off  and  with  grooved 
sides.  (PI.  3,  figs.  2,  6,  8.)  It  was  apparently  ground  perfectly  flat 
upon  the  metate  and  not  raised  during  the  stroke,  a habit  among  the 
present  Pueblos  which  reduces  the  mano  to  a form  wedgelike  in 
section,  and  thus  often  the  worn-out  specimen  is  a thin  flat  tablet. 

The  metate  has  a tendency  to  become  channeled,  the  wear  of  the 
hand-stone  leaving  raised  sides,  but  these  sides  never  have  the  height 
of  those  observed  in  the  metates  from  Chaves  Pass  which  project 
above  the  grinding  surface  nearly  a foot,  showing  that  very  large 
blocks  of  rock  formed  the  original  implement.  The  metate  was 
mounted  in  a sloping  position  upon  a foundation  of  stones  embedded 


14 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


in  mnd.  One  specimen,  of  oval  shape,  was  found  in  place  at  Blue. 
It  was  observed,  also,  that  a depression  was  formed  in  the  base  under 
the  lip  of  the  metate  for  placing  the  bowl  to  receive  the  meal.  (Fig. 
7.)  At  Blue,  Arizona,  where  extensive  examination  was  made  of 
the  debris  surrounding  the  pueblo,  many  hand  stones  of  irregular 
size  and  wear  were  observed.  (PL  3,  fig.  1.)  Most  of  these,  it  is 
probable,  represent  stones  which  were  picked  up  and  adapted  to  use 
for  grinding,  and  not  pecked  into  shape,  although  some  of  these 
stones  may  have  been  those  used  by  the  potter  in  reducing  the  lumps 
of  clay  and  other  materials  used  in  pottery,  as  among  the  Walpi 
potters,  where  a number  of  flat  and  other  stones  were  applied  to  vari- 
ous purposes  without  having  received  specific  form. 

Still  another  class  of  hand  stones  of  very  regular  shape,  a little 
longer  than  broad  (pi.  3,  fig.  4) , was  occasionally  met  with  at  Blue  and 
somewhat  frequently  in  the  lower  valley  of  Blue  River.  (See  fig.  20.) 


stone  utensils.  It  is  probable  that  they  had  some  use  in  pounding 
deerskins  or  other  soft  materials.  A few  hand  stones  were  also  found 
at  Blue  having  a ridge  along  the  back  resembling  somewhat  the 
rubbing  stones  from  the  Gila  Valley  and  from  Mexico.  Small  grit 
stones  of  more  or  less  irregular  form,  but  worn  on  several  faces,  were 
seen.  (PI.  3,  fig.  9.)  These  appear  to  have  been  used  on  surfaces 
where  abrasion  was  required.  They  have  commonly  been  called 
whetstones,  but  their  use  appears  to  have  been  on  flat  areas.  Lava 
was  also  used  where  a strong  abrading  agent  was  required.  The  lava 
artifacts  are  commonly  of  irregular  form.  (PI.  3,  figs.  8 and  5.) 

Grinding,  rubbing,  polishing,  smoothing,  and  other  abrading  stones 
for  use  in  the  hands  are  relatively  common,  and  in  very  many  cases 
they  are  merely  stones  of  suitable  size  showing  such  use  and  lacking  the 
work  necessary  to  make  them  definite  implements  such  as  can  be  classi- 
fied in  terms  of  art  form.  Most  of  these  makeshift  implements  were 
found  in  the  Martin  ruin  at  Blue.  (Fig.  8.)  Ground  depressions 
on  rocks  in  place  are  not  often  observed  in  this  region,  but  a fine 


Fig.  7. — Metate  set  on  a foundation  from  Blue. 


These  resemble  a type 
of  stone  implements 
from  southern  Califor- 
nia. They  are  usually 
of  very  hard  material 
and  do  not  altogether 
seem  to  have  been  used 
for  rubbing  on  a flat 
surface.  As  a rule 
these  stones  are  better 
finished  than  any 
other  of  the  domestic 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


15 


example  of  a series  of  such  depressions  was  seen  on  a large  block  of 
stone  near  Tularosa  Cave. 

Worked  stones  connected  with  household  uses  or  architecture  were 
observed  at  the  Delgar  ruin,  on  the  lower  Tularosa.  They  consist 


Fig.  8. — Grinding  stones  from  Blub. 


Fig.  9. — Stone  mortar  from 
Spur  Ranch. 


of  several  subconical  blocks  like  the  seats  described  by  Dr.  J.  Walter 
Fewkes  from  Four  Mile  Euin ; 1 a conical  stone  about  15  inches  high ; 

and  a number  of  large  stone  disks  chipped 
on  the  edge.  Objects  of  this  character  were 
not  found  in  any  other  ruins. 


MORTARS  AND  PESTLES. 


No  large  well-finished  pestles  are  found 
in  this  region,  and  on  the  whole  this  imple- 
ment was  merely  a thing  of  utility  receiving 
scant  treatment  in  the  way  of  working  out 
and  finishing.  Most  of  the  pestles  were 
made  from  stones  which  approached  the  shape  desired  and  necessi- 
tated little  labor  to  reduce  them  to  the  size  required. 

Mortars  are  small  and  rarely  has  much  care  been 
given  by  the  stoneworker  to  secure  accuracy  of  form 
or  smoothness  of  finish.  A more  specific  description 
of  a mortar  and  pestle  from  the  Spur  Eanch,  Luna, 

New  Mexico,  follows: 

Bowl-shaped  mortar  of  breccia,  irregularly  vvorked 
on  the  exterior.  (Fig.  9.)  The  working  cavity  is 
very  regular,  is  inches  in  diameter  and  8f  inches 
deep.  An  oblong  cylindroid  of  fine  grain,  almost 
white  stone,  found  in  the  same  room  with  the  mortar, 
but  not  in  close  association  with  it,  is  perhaps  the 
pestle.  It  is  5|  inches  long  and  2 by  2§  inches  in 
diameter,  the  end  smooth  and  rounded,  and  the  sides 
showing  marks  of  the  pecking  required  to  bring  it 
into  shape.  It  has  two  shallow  pits  in  the  surface, 
probably  to  facilitate  gripping  by  the  hand.  (Fig.  10,  Cat.  No. 
231886,  U.S.N.M.)  Such  mortars  were  probably  used  for  pounding 


Fug.  10. — Pestle 
from  Spur 
Ranch. 


1 Two  Summers’  Work  in  Pueblo  Ruins,  22d  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  FJtmology.  1900— 
1901  (1904),  plate  65. 


16  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

yucca  and  other  leaves  for  fiber,  crushing  leaves  and  roots  for  in- 
fusions, and  for  comminuting  such  materials  not  suitable  for  reduc- 
tion on  the  grinding  slab.  The  Pueblo  mortar  is  never  large  and  was 

not  used  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  food,  but  was 
employed  for  a number 
of  small  tasks  as  occasion 
required.  Generally  they 
were  not  portable,  being 
formed  in  neighboring 
rock  masses  wherever  the 
conditions  were  favor- 
able. 

STONE  VESSELS. 

In  the  Upper  Gila 
Valley  (Pueblo  Viejo 
Valley)  there  are  encoun- 
tered somewhat  fre- 

Fig.  11. Carved  stone  vessel  from  Solomonsville. 

quently  stone  vessels  of 
superior  workmanship,  the  material  being  very  hard,  the  form  very 
characteristic,  and  the  finish  excellent.  They  are  oblong,  terminating 
in  projections  at  both  ends  (fig.  11).  This  vessel  was  also  probably 
a form  of  mortar  for  small  quantities  of  material. 

(Cat.  No,  238437,  U.S.N.M.) 

Another  small  stone  mortar  (fig.  12)  is  of  gray 
tufaceous  rock  and  has  a small  projection  on  one 
side,  forming  the  handle.  The  specimen  was 
found  in  a grave  containing  worked  shell  objects. 

(See  fig.  12,  Cat,  No.  231823,  U.S.N.M.;  diameter,  fig.  12.— small  stone 
If  inches ; height,  If  inches ; Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  ranch.  FR°M  S p u r 
New  Mexico;  and  fig.  13.) 

A stone  cup,  neatly  worked  from  gray  tufaceous  rock,  and  having 
side  walls  and  flat  bottom,  is  shown  in  figure  13.  (Cat.  No.  231965, 
U.S.N.M. ; diameter,  2f  inches;  height,  If  inches; 
Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico.)  In  many 
cases  natural  stones,  mostly  concretionary,  with 
cavities  of  a shape  suggesting  use  as  vessels,  have 
been  found  in  the  ruins. 

Figure  14  illustrates  a stone  vessel  made  from 

Fig.  13. — Small  stone  ® , . _ ,.  , , , , 

vessel  from  Spur  very  hard,  fine-grained,  gray  limestone,  smoothly 

RANCH-  finished.  The  working  surface  is  evenly  curved 

and  polished.  It  is  possible  that  this  vessel  was  used  for  grind- 
ing paint,  but  the  surface  shows  no  such  wear.  Stone  vessels  of 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OE  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


17 


this  character  are  quite  rare  in  this  region,  except  on  the  upper 
Gila,  where  they  take  the  forms  shown  in  figure  11.  (Cat.  No.  98695, 
U.S.N.M. ; diameter,  5f  inches;  height, 

If  inches.) 


Pig.  15 —Polishing  stone 
from  Apache  Creek. 


SMOOTHING  STONES. 

Important  implements  of  every 
Pueblo  household,  ancient  and  modern, 
were  polishing  stones,  which  had  their  fig.  14.— stone  vessel  from  upper 
most  extensive  use  for  work  in  clay,  San  Francisco  river. 

whether  in  producing  a fine  surface  on  pottery  or  in  polishing  the 
mud  floor.  The  polishing  stone  is  essentially  a woman’s  tool,  since 

work  in  clay  has  always  been  her  specialty. 

One  of  these  (fig.  15)  is  of  an  extremely 
fine-grained  yellow  stone,  beautifully  worked 
into  the  form  desired  by  the  potter  and  highly 
polished.  This  was,  no  doubt,  a prized  object, 
and  was  found  in  a grave  containing  human 
remains.  (Cat.  No.  245942,  U.S.N.M.;  width, 
1 inch;  length,  If  inches;  thickness,  ff  inch; 
N.  H.  Ranch,  Apache  Creek,  Socorro  County, 
New  Mexico.) 

A smoothing  stone  from  the  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico,  is 
formed  of  hard,  fine-grained  stone  resembling  limestone  (fig.  16). 
On  one  side  is  a flat,  highly  polished  area 
which  indicates  its  use  on  some  soft  ma- 
terial, though  probably  not  for  pottery 
finishing.  (Cat.  No.  281963,  U.S.N.M.; 
diameter,  3 inches;  thickness,  If  inches.) 

In  the  Tularosa  Cave,  New  Mexico,  was 
found  a block  of  very  coarse  sandstone 
(fig.  17) , on  one  face  of  which  is  a groove 
for  the  purpose  of  rasping  wooden  rods. 

In  the  process  the  stone  has  become  more  deeply  grooved. 

No.  246471,  U.S.N.M.;  dimensions,  4f  by  2 inches.) 

Another  specimen  has  two  grooves  crossing 
at  right  angles.  (PI.  3,  fig.  7.) 

Grooved  smoothing  stones  for  arrows  and 
rods  are  not  plentiful  in  the  region.  They 
are  also  simple  in  form  compared  with  those 
of  the  Pueblo  Viejo  Valley  on  the  upper 
Gila.  The  material  is  very  fine-grained  stone, 
usually  limestone.  The  groove  is  polished 
and  is  probably  designed  more  for  smoothing 
wood  than  for  abrading  it.  Some  of  these  stones  show  evidences  of 
heat  and  some  are  cracked  by  having  been  subjected  to  fire.  One  of 
14278°—  Bull.  87—14 3 


Fig.  16. — Smoothing  stone  from 
Spur  Ranch. 


(Cat. 


Fig.  17. — Stone  rasp  from 
Tularosa  Cave. 


18 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Fig.  18. — Arrow-smoothing 

STONE  FROM  SPUR  RANCH. 


fit  ' /TfcfS 

Hi 

Iff 

If 

*•-1!...*  J'/i' 

/A 

M 

Il  v'llJ 
i nyy 
iw  1 


these  simple  stones  is  shown  in  figure  18,  Cat.  No.  231859,  U.S.N.M. ; 
Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico.) 

POTTERY-WORKING  STONES. 

Circular  or  oblong  flattish  stones  of  convenient  size  for  grasping 
in  the  palm,  and  fingers  of  the  hand  are  used  by  the  Pima-Papago- 

Maricopa  group,  the  Mohave,Yumas,Diegue- 
nos,  Kawia,  and  other  southern  California 
pottery-making  tribes.  These  stones  are 
either  selected  bowlders,  stones  picked  up 
from  ancient  sites,  or  stones  probably  worked 
to  form  by  the  present  tribes.  In  all  cases 
the  stone  having  the  proper  contour  would 
be  selected  for  the  purpose,  and  as  many 
neatly  dressed  stones  of  the  type  of  the  small 
grinding  stone,  which  is  circular  or  of  pillow  shape,  are  to  be  secured 
from  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  ruins  in  this  region,  they  have 
been  taken  to  the  camps  of  the  __ 

Indians  and  employed  in  pottery  ( \ 

making.  Russell  says  that  the 
Pima  “use  a flat  circular  stone 
about  4 inches  iii  diameter.” 1 
The  implements  required  by  the 
Indian  potters  of  the  Southwest- 
ern border  are  paddles  of  wood 
or  stone,  and  an  anvil  stone,  or 
bumper,  which  is  held  within  the 
vessel  in  process  of  coiling,  and 
between  the  stone  and  the  paddle 
the  coils  are  pressed  down,  the 
clay  is  thinned  or  regulated  in 
thickness,  while  at  equal  rate  the  vessel  is  expanded  and  reduced  to 
the  form  desired.  By  this  means,  in  the  hands  of  an  expert  potter, 

vessels  of  remarkable  thinness  can  be 
produced. 

A smoothing  stone  which  may  pos- 
sibly be  a pottery-working  tool  is  oval 
in  shape  and  finally  worked  from  very 
hard  grit  stone.  (Fig.  19;  Cat.  No. 
231881,  U.S.N.M. ; length,  5J  inches; 
width,  4 inches ; thickness,  lT5e  inches ; 
Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico.)  A 
finely  finished  specimen  of  purple 
quartzite  was  found  at  the  Stockton 
Ranch  on  San  Francisco  River  near  the  mouth  of  the  Blue.  The 
edges  of  the  implement  are  pecked  to  give  a roughened  surface  to 


r\. 


'hi 


Fig.  19. — Smoothing  stone  from  Spur 
Ranch. 


Fig.  20. — Smoothing  stone  from 
lower  San  Francisco  River. 


1 2(>th  Ann,  Rept.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  p.  126, 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


19 


aid  the  hand  grasp.  (Fig.  20;  Cat.  No.  246509,  U.S.N.M;  length,  4^ 
inches;  width,  3J  inches;  thickness,  2 inches.) 

ARROWHEADS,  THROWSTICKS,  AND  DARTS. 

The  arrowheads  of  this  region  are  almost  exclusively  of  obsidian 
which  varies  from  an  opaque  black  to  translucent,  almost  as  clear  as 
rock  crystal.  They  are  small,  usually  nocked,  and  sometimes  serrated. 
Such  heads  as  have  been  found  still 
remaining  on  the  arrows  are  small, 
and  this  appears  to  be  characteristic 
of  those  arrows  intended  for  war  or 
for  hunting.  (See  fig.  142.)  Some 
rather  long,  slender  arrowpoints 
appear  to  have  been  fashioned  for  use 
as  offerings.  As  a rule  the  arrow- 
heads do  not  show  great  skill  in  their 
manufacture,  but  occasionally  an  ex- 
quisitely chipped  one  is  encountered. 

The  points  for  the  throwstick  darts 
appear  to  be  extremely  scarce,  so  far 
as  can  be  determined,  and  there  is  a 
likelihood  that  they  never  were  very 
plentiful.  (See  fig.  21.) 

No  throwsticks  were  found  by  the 
Museum-Gates  Expedition,  nor  is  it 
known  that  any  have  been  found  in 
this  region.  The  only  evidence  that 
such  an  implement  was  used  is  a few 
foreshafts  of  darts  of  the  kind  hurled 
by  means  of  the  throwstick.  ( See  fig. 

21. ) The  shapes  of  some  of  the  worked 
rods  appear  to  suggest  the  throwstick 
(see  pi.  20,  fig.  2),  but  it  is  not  pos- 
sible to  reach  a definite  conclusion 
on  the  subject.  Also  the  articulating 
ends  of  bones  (see  fig.  136)  may  be  bunt  heads  of  throwdarts. 

Mr.  John  R.  De  Mier,  of  Las  Cruces,  New  Mexico,  found  in  guano 
caves  9 miles  east  of  Lava,  New  Mexico  (on  the  Albuquerque-El 
Paso  branch  of  the  Santa  Fe  route),  a number  of  interesting  objects 
which  he  forwarded  to  the  National  Museum.  The  collection  con- 
tains a throwing  stick  (fig.  21)  consisting  of  a slat  of  oak,  25 \ 
inches  long  and  1J  inches  wide,  warped  strongly  and  grooved  on 
both  sides  at  intervals  along  the  middle  line,  the  ends  of  the  stick 


Fig.  21. — Throwstick,  darts, 

KNIVES,  AND  PUNCH  FROM  NEAR 

Lava,  New  Mexico. 


20 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


being  roughened  as  for  wrapping;  a throw-dart  head,  consisting  of 
a blade  of  elegant  outline  of  white  opaque  chert,  3f  inches  long  and  J- 
inch  wide,  mounted  with  sinew  in  a wooden  foreshaft  3|  inches  long 
(fig.  21)  ; two  knives  or  throw-dart  heads  of  yellow  jasper  and 
dark-brown  chert,  3J  and  3 inches  long  (fig.  21)  ; an  arrowhead 
of  white  chert  If  inches  long;  and  an  antler  stone  working  tool  4 

inches  long,  dark-brown  from  age  and 
highly  polished  from  use  (fig.  21). 

AXES,  HAMMERS,  AND  MAULS. 

It  is  not  usual  to  find  a well  fin- 
ished specimen  of  the  ax,  and  it  is 
evident  that  the  only  care  on  the  part 
of  the  workers  was  to  make  an  effec- 
tive tool.  It  is  also  curious  that  so 
few  axes  are  found,  and  this  is  all 
the  more  remarkable  in  areas  that 
have  evidently  been  inhabited  for 
a long  time  by  apparently  a large 
population.  The  type  has  invariably 
a single  groove,  usually  running  clear 
around  the  specimen.  The  material 
is  almost  always  a bluish  volcanic  rock  or  basalt  which  is  well  suited 
for  the  purpose. 

An  unusual  form  of  greenish  stone  implement  worked  to  wedge- 
shape  suggests  an  ungrooved  ax.  (Fig.  22  and  section.)  The  poll 
of  the  specimen  has  not  been  carefully  worked.  It  may  be  an  un- 
finished ax,  or  may  have  been  made  for  some  special  purpose.  (Cat. 
No.  231858,  U.S.N.M. ; length,  6f  inches;  width,  3 inches;  thickness, 
If  inches ; Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New 
Mexico.) 

A hammer-maul  consisting  of  a 
bowlder  of  gray  stone,  having 


Fig.  22. — Stone  ax  from  Spur  Ranch. 


grooves  cut  on  the  opposite  sides, 
is  shown  (fig.  23),  with  outline. 

Originally  this  implement  was 
probably  hafted  and  used  as  a 
maul.  ( Cat.  No.  231833,  U.S.N.M. ; 
diameter,  4J  inches;  thickness,  3f  inches;  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New 


FIg.  23. — Stone  grooved  maul  from  Spur 
Ranch. 


Mexico.) 

Another  specimen  from  the  same  locality  (pi.  4,  fig.  10)  is  grooved 
deeply  almost  around  the  circumference.  (Cat.  No.  231960,  U.S. 
N.M. ; diameter,  3f  inches;  length,  6 inches.) 

A block  of  bluish  chalcedony  much  chipped  (pi.  4,  fig.  9)  resembles 
the  hammers  from  the  Petrified  Forest  region,  northern  Arizona. 
The  specimen  shows  little  use  as  a hammer.  (Cat.  No.  232066,  U.S. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  4 


Stone  Implements  for  Cutting  and  Pounding. 

For  explanation  of  plate  see  pages  20  and  22. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


21 


N.M. ; diameter,  2|  inches;  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico.)  A 
block  of  hard  black  basalt  chipped  on  two-thirds  of  its  circumference 
(ph  4,  fig.  6)  is  also  probably  a hammer  or  striking  tool.  (Cat.  No. 
246462,  U.S.N.M.;  Tularosa  Cave,  New  Mexico.)  An  unmodified 
stone  hammer  of  hard  brown  stone  (pi.  4,  fig.  8)  is  from  a small 
cliff-house  ruin  near  Spur  Ranch.  (Cat.  No.  232065,  U.S.N.M.; 
length,  3-J  inches.)  A pitted  hammer  of  triangular  shape  (pi.  4, 
fig.  7)  is  made  of  coarse  basalt.  One  side  is  smooth  as  though  the 
specimen  had  at  times  been  used  as  a rubbing  implement.  (Diam- 
eter, 3J  inches;  thickness,  1J 
inches;  Tularosa  Cave,  New 
Mexico.) 

CLUBHEADS,  BALLS. 


24. 

Figs.  24-26.- 


25.  26. 

-Stone  balls  from  Spur  Ranch. 


Balls  of  hard  stone  of  rea- 
sonably accurate  spherical 
shape  are  encountered  in  the  ruins,  but  never  as  mortuary  objects  with 
the  dead.  It  is  possible  that  they  are  hammerstones  worked  down 
from  long  use,  but  apparently  they  were  reduced  by  the  ordinary 
processes  of  stone  working  for  a definite  purpose  and,  it  appears  prob- 
able, were  originally  inclosed  in  rawhide  for  the  slung  shot  or  flexible 
head  club,  such  as  is  used  by  the  Apaches.  No  specimens  so  mounted, 
however,  have  been  found  in  archeological  sites,  such  as  caves  or 
shelters,  where  they  would  likely  be  preserved.  Another  suggestion  is 
that  these  balls  are  used  in  games,  and  probably  the  smaller  specimens 
had  this  employment,  as  this  form  has  survived  among  the  Pueblos 
and  the  Pimas,  Cocopas,  Mohaves,  and  other 
southern  Arizona  and  California  tribes. 

Some  of  the  stone  balls  are  from  Spur  Ranch, 
Luna,  New  Mexico.  (Figs.  24,  25,  26.)  These 
are  smoothly  made  from  hard  stone  and  were 
probably  used  in  games,  or,  with  less  probability, 
as  clubheads.  (Cat.  No.  231958,  U.S.N.M. ; diam- 
eter, If,  If,  and  If  inches.) 

What  appears  to  be  a clubhead  is  made  of  soft 
stone,  is  oblong  and  rounded,  and  on  one  side  a projection  has  been 
formed,  evidently  for  the  purpose  of  hafting.  (Fig.  27.)  The 
rounded  surface  shows  pittings,  as  though  the  implement  were  used 
for  hammering.  The  character  of  the  material,  however,  does  not 
indicate  its  use  as  a hammer.  (Cat.  No.  231940,  U.S.N.M.;  length,  3 
inches;  width,  2-J ; Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico.) 


Ftg.  27. — Stone  ham- 
mer from  Spur 
Ranch. 


knife. 

The  knife  of  chipped  flint  or  other  material  is  not  very  common  in 
this  region,  and  it  appears  probable  that  its  place  was  taken  by  the 
sharp-edged  spalls,  more  or  less  worked,  which  are  found  in  abun- 
dance near  the  ruins.  (See  fig.  138.)  Occasionally  the  chipped 


22 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


blades  are  hafted,  perhaps  for  the  foreshafts  of  the  short  dart  hurled 
with  the  throwing  stick.  Large  chipped  blades  are  almost  never 
found  in  this  region,  though  they  occur  in  the  Little  Colorado  Valley 
and  are  at  the  present  time  used  by  the  Zuni  as  cult  objects. 


SCRAPERS. 


Pig.  28. — Stone  scraper 
from  Tula rosa  Cave. 


Flakes  of  chert  and  quartzite  which  appear  to  be  simple  scraping 
tools  were  found  occasionally  in  the  ruins,  and  in  some  number  in 
Tularosa  Cave,  where  they  are  associated  with 
pieces  of  branches  which  had  been  cut  by  re- 
peated scraping.  (See  Wood.)  There  are  also 
oval  spalls,  nearly  uniform  in  shape  and  size,  oc- 
curring in  all  sites  and  in  such  numbers  as  to  be 
regarded  as  an  accredited  implement.  Usually 
they  show  wear,  and  in  some  cases  have  been 
ground  to  an  edge.  There  is  proof  that  this 
implement  was  used  for  wood  working.  (See 
p.  61.)  It  also  was  a convenient  tool  for  other 
purposes,  such  as  fleshing,  bark  peeling,  graining  leather,  etc.  The 
scraper  blade  of  oval  cuboid  shape  is  not  found  in  archeological  sites 
here  or  in  any  other  part  of  the  Pueblo  region.  Flakes  of  obsidian 
appear  to  have  been  used  in  dressing  bows,  arrow  foreshafts,  etc.,  as 
glass  is  used  by  the  cabinetmaker. 

In  this  region  of  altered,  igneous,  and  eruptive  rocks  there  are 
innumerable  spalls  of  all  shapes  and  sizes  at  hand  for  selection.  That 
they  were  so  selected  is  seen  from  the  spalls  found  in  Tularosa  Cave. 
Plate  4,  figure  1,  shows  a spall  of  gray  basalt 
having  an  excellent  cutting  edge;  figure  3,  a 
spall  of  black  basalt,  the  edge  of  which  has  been 
improved  by  chipping;  figure  4,  a plate  of  red 
chert  chipped  carefully;  figure  5,  a much-used 
spall  worn  on  the  edge;  and  figure  2,  a square 
plate  of  basalt  chipped  on  two  sides  (5f  inches 
square) . 

A more  finished  scraper,  or  cutting  implement  Fig.  29. 
consists  of  a spall  of  blue-gray  basalt,  the  edge 
of  which  is  chipped  (fig.  28).  (Cat.  No.  246462,  U.S.N.M. ; length, 
2J  inches;  width,  If  inches;  Tularosa  Cave,  New  Mexico. 

Another  example  of  hard  purple  rock,  chipped  on  a portion  of  the 
edge  (fig.  29)  comes  from  the  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico. 
(Cat.  No.  231815,  U.S.N.M. ; length,  2J  inches;  width,  If  inches.) 


Stone  scraper 
from  Spur  Ranch. 


saws. 


A great  number  of  saws  which  consist  of  flaked  or  thin  plates  of 
volcanic  rock,  worked  straight  along  one  edge,  which  may  be  toothed 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OE  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


23 


or  merely  sharp,  are  found  south  of  the  White  Mountains,  but  such 
objects  are  very  infrequent  in  the  rest  of  the  Pueblo  region.  (Figs. 
30,  31,  32,  33.)  They  were  used  for  working  wood,  specimens  of 
which  in  process  are  shown.  (Fig.  129.)  P.  G. 

Gates,  of  Pasadena,  California,  possesses  a speci- 
men which  was  bound  up  with  a strip  of  wood 
showing  the  marks  of  work  of  this  implement. 

The  specimen  was  found  in  a cave  near  Soda 
Springs  in  the  White  Mountain  Apache  Keserva- 
tion.  The  prevalence  of  these  instruments  is  due 
to  the  abundance  of  suitable  spalls  of  volcanic  rock  found  in  this 
region,  while  in  northern  Arizona  rocks  are  almost  altogether  sand- 
stone and  other  sedimentary  strata. 


Fig.  30. — Stone  saw 
from  Joseph,  Tula- 
rosa  River. 


a-  g> 

Fig.  31. — Stone  saw  from 
Luna,  New  Mexico. 


DRILLS. 

Drill  points  which  have  been  found  on  the 
ruins  differ  not  at  all  from  the  customary 
form  of  this  implement  in  America.  The 
material  is  commonly  chert,  chalcedony,  and 
sometimes  obsidian.  Often  the  drill  point 
is  long  and  finely  chipped  and  frequently 
the  base  is  flared,  as  though  it  were  used 
between  the  fingers  as  a gimlet.  It  is  also  possible  that  this  large 
form  of  drill  was  not  hafted.  The  size  of  the  drill  corresponds  to 
the  holes  made  in  pottery  for  mending  purposes,  in  bone,  in  the 
larger  stone  ornaments,  and  sometimes,  though 
rarely,  in  wood.  In  the  latter  material  a bone 
awl  was  employed.  Several  mounted  flint  drills 
were  found. 

Large  drills  or  reamers  were  apparently  not 
needed  except  occasionally  for  tubular  bores  in 
the  cloud  blowers  and  pipes. 

The  ordinary  drill  bit  would  not  be  suitable  for  finer  perforations, 
which  in  beads  are  often  very  small,  requiring  a fine  needle  to  carry  a 
thread  through  them.  (See  p.  25.)  The  means  used  to  produce  the 
perforations  are  not  definitely  known,  but  they 
might  have  been  a cactus  spine,  or  slender 
splint  of  bone  having  enough  burr  to  abrade 
the  soft  stone  usually  formed  into  beads. 

A sliver  of  hardwood  when  started  to  drilling 
in  some  stones  will  crush  the  structure  under 
its  point  and  by  revolution  this  powder  still 
further  abrades  continuously,  needing  only  the 
addition  of  water  to  keep  the  drill  from  jamming  or  gumming. 
Harder  stone  requires  abrasives  whose  use  was  well  known  by  the 
Indians,  and  the  character  of  the  stone  influenced  the  kind  of  drill. 


Fig.  32. — Stone  saw  from 
Apache  Creek. 


Fig.  33. — Stone  saw  from 
Blub  River. 


24 


BULLETIN"  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


a 

Fig.  34. — Chalcedony  drill 
from  Spur  Ranch. 


A thorn,  a-  thornlike  branch,  a cactus  spine  or  a sliver  of  obsidian  or 
chert  might  be  used,  the  cutting  end  requiring  to  be  of  even  caliber 
for  a very  short  part  of  the  length  of  the  drill,  as*  only  thin  pieces  of 

stone  were  usually  perforated,  and  commonly 
the  bead  blank  or  small  object  was  drilled 
until  the  point  appeared  on  the  underside 
when  it  was  turned  over,  the  point  set  in  the 
minute  orifice,  and  the  work  completed.  So 
far  as  can  be  known,  the  small  points  were  set 
in  a rod  which  was  twirled  between  the  palms. 

The  delicate,  sharp-pointed  fragment  of 
white  chalcedony  1 inch  long  from  the  Spur 
Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico,  is  a type  of 
the  unworked  drill.  (Fig.  34,  a and  b.)  A 
specimen  (fig.  35)  made  from  a thin  spall  of  fine  chalcedony,  the 
base  flaring  for  purchase  in  the  fingers,  shows  more  work.  (Cat. 
No.  2319T3,  U.S.N.M. ; length,  inches;  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New 
Mexico.)  Other  specimens  from  the  same  locality 
are  milky  chalcedony,  the  work  only  showing  on 
the  blade.  (Fig.  36;  Cat.  No.  231816,  U.S.N.M.; 
length,  1 inch;  width,  J inch.)  A better  specimen 
is  made  of  reddish-brown  chert  and  has  a neatly 
chipped  blade  and  ovate  finger  grip.  (Fig.  37 ; 

Cat.  No.  232017,  U.S.N.M.;  length,  If  inches;  £ 
inch  wide.  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico.) 

The  finest  specimen,  an  excellent  example  of  flint 
chipping  (fig.  38),  was  found  at  Spur  Ranch, 

Luna,  New  Mexico.  It  is  2^  inches  in  length  and  was  doubtless 
originally  hafted.  (Cat.  No.  231874,  U.S.N.M.) 

BEADS  AND  ORNAMENTS. 

Nowhere  in  America  was  the  bead  maker’s  art  more 
developed  than  in  the  Pueblo  region,  and  there  is 
observed  also  in  different  parts  of  this  area  a diver- 
sity in  skill  and  in  the  extent  to  which  the  work  was 
carried.  In  general  the  zone  of  superior  beadwork 
and  minute  stone  carving  lies  between  the  Little 
Colorado  and  Gila  Rivers,  with  extensions  to  the 
south  in  Sonora.  In  this  zone  the  beadwork  is 
greatly  in  advance  of  that  in  any  other  portion  of 
this  hemisphere,  and  it  is  probable  that  nowhere 
else  in  the  world  was  as  great  proficiency  displayed.  This  assertion 
regards  the  accuracy  of  calibration  and  of  drilling,  apparent  ease 
with  which  minute  beads  and  astonishingly  fine  perforations  were 


Fig.  35. — Chalcedony 

DRILL  FROM  SPUR 

Ranch. 


DONY  DRILL  FROM 

Spur  Ranch. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OP  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


25 


Fig.  37. — Chert 

DRILL  FROM  SPUR 

Ranch. 


worked,  selections  of  material,  and  combinations  of  colors,  and,  as 
far  as  the  great  collections  of  the  United  States  National  Museum 
are  concerned,  the  assertion  is  valid.  For  example,  the  finest  beads 
yet  discovered  is  a string  4 inches  long  from  Bear  Creek  Cave,  Blue 
River,  Arizona.  The  individual  beads  measure  one- 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  the  perforation 
. is  one-thirty- second  of  an  inch.  The  material  is  black 
steatite.  From  the  same  locality  turquois  beads  meas- 
ure one-twelfth  of  an  inch  with  perforation  of  0.023 
of  an  inch.  Larger  beads  measure  three-sixteenths 
inch  with  one-sixteenth  inch  perforation.  Examina- 
tion of  these  beads  under  a glass  shows  their  perfec- 
tion of  form. 

Within  this  area  the  centers  of  the  best  bead  work 
are:  Upper  Blue  and  San  Francisco  rivers,  Tula- 
rosa  Valley,  Casa  Grande  in  the  Gila-Salt  drainage, 

Chaves  Pass  on  the  northern  slope  of  the  White 
Mountains,  and  the  Petrified-Forest  region  in  the 
drainage  of  the  Little  Colorado.  The  character  of  the  work  and 
materials  are  as  follows : 

Blue  River. — Travertine,  white,  cream,  gray ; shell ; steatite,  black, 
brown,  transparent  brown;  turquois,  blue,  green;  clay  slate,  red  and 
brown ; fluorite,  yellow,  pink  shaded  to  purple.  When 
found  strung  they  are  spaced  and  arranged  according 
to  colors  and  are  perfect  specimens  of  fine  work- 
manship. 

Upper  San  Francisco  River. — Finely  worked  zooic 
ornaments  of  shell,  calcium  carbonate,  serpentine,  and 
turquois ; beads  of  travertine,  steatite,  and  shell,  often 
two-lobed.  Polishing  of  chalcedony  is  sometimes  prac- 
ticed. (See  p.  27.) 

Tularosa  River. — Carving  in  hard  and  fine-grain 
stone,  serpentine,  hematite,  etc.;  perforation  of  hard 
stone;  mosaic  or  inlay  of  comparatively  large  plates 
of  turquois.  Shell  carving ; bonework. 

Gila  Valley — Casa  Grande. — Shell  carving,  minute 
stone  carving  in  turquois,  etc.  Beads  of  fluorite,  tur- 
quois, red  stone,  soapstone,  etc.,  shell. 

Chaves  Pass. — Very  fine  red  clay  slate;  steatite; 
turquois;  calcium  carbonate;  jet;  gray  limestone. 
These  beads  often  require  a very  fine  needle  to  string 
mosaic  work  here  and  excellent  shell  carving  and 


Fig.  38. — Chert 

DRILL  FROM  SPUR 

Ranch. 


them.  Finest 
etched  and  carved  bone. 

Petrified  Forest  region.- 
hematite,  and  other  hard 


-Worked  and  polished  chalcedony,  agate, 
stone  fashioned  into  conoids,  cylinders, 


26 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


and  plates.  This  art  extends  from  Zuni  north  to  the  Puerco  River 
to  the  month  of  that  river  above  Holbrook,  Arizona,  and  reappears 
in  the  valley  of  the  Blue  and  Tularosa  rivers.  Beads  in  quantity 
made  of  travertine  and  shell.  Small  zooic  carvings  and  beads  of 
dark-blue  steatite  (Woodruff,  Arizona). 

PROCESS  OF  BEAD  MAKING. 

The  process  of  making  beads  appears  to  be  as  follows : 

Pieces  of  selected  stone  were  rubbed  into  flat  plates  of  uniform 
thickness,  these  bits  were  then  taken  between  the  thumb  and  fingers 
and  the  edge  rubbed,  turning  the  stone  at  intervals,  thus  leaving  a 
polygonal  figure  six  or  more  sided ; the  hole  was  drilled  through  this 
more  or  less  regular  disk;  the  disks  were  then  strung  tightly  and 
drawn  over  a grinding  surface,  perhaps  being  rubbed  to  and  fro  by 
the  hand,  then  were  finished  more  accurately  by  being  drawn  through 
a groove  between  two  fine-grain  stones.  'While  still  strung  they  were 
polished  by  rubbing  on  skins,  using  fine  gritty  dust  as  a medium. 

Most  of  these  steps  of  the  process  are  verified  by  specimens  found 
in  an  incomplete  state  and  by  present  observation  as  follows: 

The  Zuni  bead  worker’s  materials,  methods,  and  tools  are  very 
simple  and  consist  of  plates  of  turquois,  calcite,  and  shell,  a gritty 
lap  stone  for  grinding,  a pump  drill  with  flint  point,  two  grooved 
plates  of  stone  for  equalizing  the  beads,  and  string  of  sinew,  cotton, 
or  yucca  fiber  for  assembling  the  finished  product.  The  bead  mate- 
rial employed  commonly  occurs  in  thin  equal  masses  or  plates  from 
which  the  blanks  are  broken  with  a small  stone  and  subsequently 
ground  smooth  on  the  flat  sides  and  the  edges  finished  roughly  on  the 
lap  stone.  The  blanks  are  then  held  with  the  fingers  on  a flat  stone 
anvil  resting  on  the  knee  of  the  bead  maker  and  drilled  first  on  one 
side  and  then  on  the  other.  Sometimes  a mistake  is  made  in  center- 
ing, the  two  cavities  not  accurately  meeting.  In  this  connection,  let 
me  add  that  the  ancient  bead  worker  drove  two  slanting  holes  into 
the  flat  side  of  a tablet  or  button-like  object  which  he  wished  to  sus- 
pend, and  when  the  drill  holes  met  a practicable  passage  for  the  cord 
was  made.  The  next  step  was  to  string  the  beads  tightly  together 
on  a strong  cord  and  pull  this  rather  rigid  column  of  beads  between 
two  grooved  strips  of  fine-grain  sandstone,  using  plenty  of  water. 
This  ground  every  bead  to  even  size  and  gave  a polish  which  was 
brought  to  a high  brilliancy  by  wear  around  the  neck  of  the  Pueblo 
Indian. 

The  work  on  small  ornaments  or  fetiches  of  stone  is  of  a superior 
order  like  that  practiced  in  fitting  the  parts  of  arrows.  The  ex- 
amples, shown  in  fig.  48,  page  28,  would  tax  the  skill  of  a lapidary 
supplied  with  the  best  tools  and  machinery  of  his  art.  On  the  orna- 
ments mentioned,  drilling,  graving,  the  production  of  small  circular 
depressions,  etc.,  are  found,  and  the  workers  manifestly  had  a keen 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


27 


appreciation  of  form  and  character  even  more  marked  than  that  dis- 
played by  the  Eskimo. 

Cylinders,  cones,  disks,  and  objects  of  various  forms  in  hematite, 
chalcedony,  serpentine,  and  jasper,  finely  polished,  have  been  found 
in  the  region,  especially  in  the  Tularosa  Valley.  (Figs.  89-42.) 
The  disk  of  chalcedony  (see  fig.  48),  chipped  to  shape  and  polished 
on  one  face  is  a remarkable  object.  It  was  found  in  a ceremonial 
room  at  the  Spur  Banch,  and  it  is  supposed  to  be  a mirror,  used 
probably  as  are  the  facets  of  the  rock  crystal  of  the  ancient  Hopi  for 
reflecting  sunlight  into  the  charm-liquid  or  “ medicine.” 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  and  gratifying  finds  of  the  expedition 
of  1903  was  unearthed  in  a crumbled  ruin  about  one-half  mile  east 
of  the  house  of  Montague  Stevens,  owner  of  the  Spur  Banch,  near 
Luna,  New  Mexico.  It  was  taken  from  beneath  the  floor  near  the 
corner  of  a room.  The  jar  (fig.  43a)  of  brown  pottery,  so  rudely 


Figs.  39,  40. — Hematite  cylinders,  perforated,  from  Tularosa  River. 
Fig.  41. — Perforated  cylinders  from  Tularosa  River. 

Fig.  42. — Conoid  fetish  from  Tularosa  River. 


fashioned  that  one  would  surmise  that  contrary  to  all  precedents 
it  had  been  formed  by  a man,  was  closed  with  a mass  of  clay,  and 
on  breaking  the  luting  and  turning  out  the  contents  into  the  hand 
one  could  hardly  repress  an  exclamation  of  surprise  at  the  character 
of  the  find. 

The  specimens  (fig.  43)  are  as  follows: 

(a)  231838.  Jar  of  brown  pottery,  2 inches  diameter;  4£  inches  high. 

(&)  231839.  Bird  amulet  of  yellow-green  serpentine. 

(c)  Small  reniform  bead  of  turquois. 

{d)  231842.  Amulet  accurately  cut  from  shell.  It  appears  to  represent  an 
animal,  but  its  meaning  is  conjectural. 

( e ) 231851.  Bird-head  amulet  carved  from  turquoise.  Two  small  carvings  of 
this  character  were  found  at  Bear  Creek  Cave,  Blue  River,  Ari- 
zona, and  there  have  been  recovered  from  the  great  ancient  town 
on  the  lower  Tularosa  (Delgar  Ranch)  a number  of  remarkable 
amuletic  objects  carved  from  rare  and  beautiful  stone.  In 


28 


BULLETIN  8*7,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM, 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OE  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


29 


northern  Mexico  they  appear  to  be  more  prevalent,  and  a com- 
parison of  the  carvings  just  described  with  those  figured  by 
Dr.  Ales  HrdliSka1  suggest  a connection  of  great  interest.  The 
amulets  from  Spur  Ranch  belonged,  doubtless,  to  a medicine  man. 
They  differ  widely  from  the  medicine  paraphernalia  secured 
from  a grave  near  the  Petrified  Forest  of  Arizona.2 
(/)  231850.  Small  pendant  of  shell. 

(g)  231840.  Bird  amulet  of  shell,  well  carved.  This  specimen  is  a rare  but  not 

unique  example  of  ancient  Pueblo  fancy,  being  carved  to  repre- 
sent two  animals,  and  changes  in  appearance  from  a bird  to  a 
small  mammal,  or  back  again  on  inversion. 

( h ) 231841.  Bird  amulet  carved  from  white  stone. 

( i ) 231843.  Tadpole  amulet,  exquisitely  carved  from  fine  white  stone. 

O')  231849.  Olive  shell  ( Olivella  Mplicata),  highly  prized  by  ancient  and  mod- 
ern Pueblos  for  beads. 

(fc)  231847.  Shell,  Columbella , prepared  for  stringing  by  breaking  away  the 
apex  and  forming  a hole  in  the  side. 

(l)  231844.  Shell  amulet  of  square  form,  pierced  for  suspension  by  one  corner, 

and  having  a square  opening  cut  in  the  center.  The  specimen 
shows  that  the  square  was  cut  out  by  drilling  around  the  margin 
of  the  figure.  It  appears  to  be  a world  quarter  symbol  and  is 
usually  represented  having  a bird  at  each  quadrant  (see  fig.  92). 

(m)  231845.  Natural  shell  Glycimerus.  Pierced  for  suspension. 

(ft)  231846.  Shell  of  Conus  species. 

(o)  231848.  Disk  of  pearly  shell. 


sand- 

(Fig. 


Hit 


Fig.  44. — Sandstone 

DISK  PARTLY  PERFO- 
RATED FROM  TULA- 

rosa  Cave. 


From  the  Tularosa  Cave  comes  a disk  of  fine-grained  red 
stone  having  a hole  partly  drilled  through  it  near  the  edge. 

44.)  It  appears  that  this  was  an  attempt  to  form 
an  ornament  for  the  necklace.  (Cat.  No.  246465, 

U.S.N.M.) 

A cylinder  of  fine-grained  purplish  stone  hav- 
ing five  grooves  cut  around  it  was  found  in  the 
Martin  ruin.  These  grooves  were  sawed  with  a 
flint  blade  and  the  shape  of  the  stone  appears  to  be 
natural.  Its  use  can  not  be  determined,  but  it  was 
probably  a fetish.  (Fig.  45.)  A smaller  specimen  was  found  at 
Luna  and  one  has  been  described3  with  illustration  from  Potts 

Valley,  Santa  Catalina  Island,  Cali- 
fornia. It  is  not  known  whether  there 
is  any  relation  between  this  object  and 
the  roundel  sticks  preserved  in  the 
caves.  (Cat.  No.  245931,  U.S.N.M.; 
length,  2-J  inches;  Blue,  Arizona.) 

From  the  same  locality  also  comes  a small  block  of  red  lava  in 
which  designs  have  been  scored.  (Fig.  46.)  (Cat.  No.  231809, 
U.S.N.M.;  length,  2 inches;  width,  bj  inches;  thickness,  J inch.) 


Fig.  45. — Scored  spindle-shape 
STONE  FROM  BLUE. 


1 The  region  of  the  ancient  “ Chichimecs  ” with  notes  on  the  Tepecanos  and  the  ruin 
of  the  La  Quemada,  Mexico.  American  Anthropologist  (n.  s.),  vol.  5,  No.  3,  1903,  pi.  40. 

a Museum-Gates  Expedition,  1901.  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1901,  p.  313,  pi.  43. 

*U.  S.  Geographical  Survey,  Wheeler,  1879,  vol.  7,  p.  711, 


30  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Sometimes  pottery  was  worked  as  stone.  This  piece  (fig.  47)  is 
remarkable  for  the  amount  of  labor  which  has  been  expended  in  drill- 
ing. grinding,  and  finishing  a fragment  of 
pottery  to  produce  a result  requiring  some 
ingenuity  to  interpret.  It  is  a good  example, 
however,  of  the  working  of  pottery  in  the 
manner  of  stone,  examples  of  which,  usually 
quite  simple,  are  observed  in  the  spindle 
whorls,  scrapers,  and  disks  found  with  com- 
parative frequency  in  the  ruins  in  the  Pueblo  region.  The  carving 
appears  to  represent  an  animal  or  perhaps  two  and  may  be  a puzzle 
figure.  (Cat.  No.  231814,  U.S.N.M. ; length,  1J 
inches ; width,  1 inch ; Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New 
Mexico.) 

CRYSTALS  AND  REFLECTORS. 

Quartz  crystals  are  found  among  the  house 
plans  in  every  ruin,  though  the  specimens  are  fig.  47.— carved  pottery 
not  plentiful.  Occasionally  they  are  found  in  ornament  from  spur 
graves.  It  is  probable  that  quartz  crystals  were 

here  used  as  among  the  Hopi  fraternities  for  reflecting  the  sun’s  rays 
into  the  charm  liquid  employed  in  certain  ceremonies. 

An  interesting  specimen  is  a piece  of  trans- 
lucent milky  chalcedony  worked  into  circular 
shape  by  pecking  and  chipping,  ground  down 
and  polished  on  one  surface  which  reflects  with 
reasonable  accuracy.  (Fig.  48.)  This  was  prob- 
ably not  a mirror  for  personal  use,  but  was  no 
doubt  employed  in  ceremonies  for  throwing  sun- 
light into  the  charmed  medicine  liquid,  an  office 
for  which  the  facets  of  crystals  are  often  found 
useful.  The  specimen  was  found  in  a large  cere- 
monial chamber.  (Cat.  No.  231869,  U.S.N.M.;  diameter,  2J  inches; 
thickness,  1J  inches;  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico.) 

CEREMONIAL  MORTARS  AND  TABLETS. 

These  objects  are  made  from  tufa  and  are  oftener  round  than 
square  and  necessarily,  from  the  soft  character  of  the  material,  would 
be  of  little  use  for  active  work.  They  are  decorated  with  ceremonial 
colors  on  the  exterior  and  are  usually  found  in  situations  referring 
them  to  employment  in  ceremonies,  more  likely  as  receptacles  for 
objects  connected  with  the  ritual  than  as  mortars,  their  shape  having 
given  them  this  designation. 


Fig.  48. — Chalcedony 

MIRROR  FROM  SPUR 

Ranch. 


Fig.  46. — Lava  block  with 

SCORINGS  FROM  BLUE. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


31 


Fig.  49. — Ceremonial  painted 

MORTAR  FROM  BLUE. 


A shallow  mortar  from  Blue  post  office  is  made  from  tufa  and  has 
convex  sides.  (Fig.  19.)  The  specimen  is  carefully  finished  both 
inside  and  out,  and  on  the  exterior  are 
painted  bands  alternately  red,  yellow,  and 
black.  Cat.  No.  245907,  U.S.N.M.;  diam- 
eter, 4|  inches;  height,  2 inches. 

Another  painted  mortar  (fig.  50)  is 
worked  from  soft  brown  tufa.  The  form 
is  angular,  the  sides  forming  a terrace  de- 
sign painted  in  red.  This  mortar  or  dish 
was  found  with  ceremonial  objects  in  a large  room  in  the  Spur  Ranch 
pueblo.  (Cat.  No.  231901,  U.S.N.M.;  dimensions,  4J  inches  square, 
2J  inches  high.)  A stone  tablet  (fig.  51)  was  also  found  in  this  room. 

It  is  painted  in  alternate  bands  of  red 
and  black,  reminding  one  of  the  striped 
bodies  of  the  Hopi  tihus.  (Cat.  No. 
231900,  U.S.N.M. ; size,  4-J  inches  long,  2 
inches  wide,  and  five-eighths  inch  thick.) 

PLAQUES. 

The  rectangular  slabs  of  fine-gray  stone 
with  a shallow  excavation  on  one  face, 
usually  bordered  with  a simple  design  in  parallel  or  divergent  groov- 
ings are  peculiarly  characteristic  of  the  archeology  of  the  Gila 
Valley  and  are  especially  abundant  in  the  ruins 
on  the  fluvial  plains  of  the  river.  South  of  the 
Gila,  and  in  northern  Mexico,  to  an  extent  not 
yet  determined,  but  probably  throughout  the 
ethnic  area  of  the  Piman  stock,  these  tablets 
occur,  while  north  of  the  Gila  they  extend  spar- 
ingly to  the  crest  of  the  great  breaks,  beyond 
which  they  do  not  pass.  Occasionally  they  take 
other  forms,  such  as  the  bird  form  figured  by  Dr. 

J.  Walter  Fewkes.1  They  are  supposed  to  have 
been  connected  with  religious  rites  of  the  people, 
and  Doctor  Fewkes  has  suggested  that  they  were 
originally  painted  with  symbolic  drawings  and 
that  they  may  be  analogous  to  the  tablets  of  the 
present  Pueblo.  Russell  calls  them  magic  tablets, 
and  secured  two  from  a medicine  man.2 3 

One  of  these  tablets  was  found  at  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico. 
It  is  cut  from  gray  fine-grained  stone ; the  form  is  that  of  an  oblong 


Fig.  50. — Ceremonial  painted 

MORTAR  FROM  SPUR  RANCH. 


Fig.  51. — Painted  stone 

SLAB  FROM  SPUR  RANCH. 


1 Two  Summers’  Work  in  Pueblo  Ruins.  22d  Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  pp. 

185-6. 

3 The  Pima  Indians.  26th  Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  p.  112, 


32 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Pig.  52. — Stone  tablet  from 
Spur  Ranch. 


dish,  shallow  and  with  a broad  margin.  (Fig.  52.)  It  is  almost  iden- 
tical with  the  tablets  found  along  the  Gila  River.  (Cat.  No.  231868, 

U.S.N.M. ; dimensions,  3 by  If  inches.) 

SCULPTURES. 

Occasionally  sculptures  of  exceptional 
form  are  found  in  this  region.  One  of  these 
(fig.  53)  was  secured  by  E.  W.  Nelson  on 
the  upper  San  Francisco  River.  It  is  the 
most  noteworthy  ob  j ect  of  its  class  from  this  region,  representing  a turtle 
in  high  relief  on  a slab  of  brownish 
tufa.  The  specimen  was  removed 
by  excavation  from  the  ruins  of  a 
village.  (Cat.  No.  98715,  U.S.N.M.) 

Two  others  from  the  same  locality 
also  show  rather  ambitious  efforts  at 
sculptures  in  the  round.  (Figs.  54, 

55,  Cat.  Nos.  98203, 98714,  U.S.N.M.) 

A remarkable  specimen  in  the  Na- 
tional Museum  is  a small  mortar  of 
very  hard  rock,  representing  a coiled 
snake,  and  there  is  also  a snake  tablet 
from  Cochise  County,  Arizona,  the 
latter  figured  by  W.  H.  Holmes.1 

The  Casa  Grande  ruin  has  fur- 
nished a number  of  excellent  small  sculptures.  One  of  these,  repre- 
senting a mountain  sheep,  was  collected  by 
Cosmos  Mindeleff . Other  specimens-collected 
by  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka  are  in  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, New  York. 

An  interesting  sculp- 
tured tablet  was  found 
by  Dr.  J.W.  Fewkes  in  the 
ruins  at  Solomonsville, 

Arizona,2  In  this  local- 
ity, also,  oblong  dishes  with  two  projecting  nodes 
at  either  end,  carved  from  very  hard  stone,  are 
found,  and  may  be  considered  as  superior  pieces 
of  work  in  stone.  (See  fig.  11.) 

A number  of  minute  specimens  in  serpentine 
and  other  prized  aboriginal  materials  are  encoun- 
tered. Several  fine  specimens  of  this  sort  are  in 
the  possession  of  George  G.  Heye,  of  New  York. 

on  the  Tularosa  River.  In 


Fig.  53.- 


-SCULPTURED  SLAB  FROM  SAN 

Francisco  River. 


Fig.  54. — Sculpture  in  form 
of  animal,  San  Francisco 
River. 


Fig.  55. — Sculpture  in 

FORM  OF  ANIMAL,  SAN 

Francisco  River. 


at  the  Delgar  ruin, 


They  were  secured 
this  connection,  a 


1 American  Anthropologist,  vol.  8,  n.  s.,  No.  1,  January-March,  1906,  pp.  101-108. 

2 22d  Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  p.  180. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


33 


small  rude  carving  of  tufa,  representing  some  animal,  probably  a 
turkey,  was  found  in  a ruin  at  East  Camp,  New  Mexico.  (Fig.  56.) 

PICTOGRAPHS. 

On  the  upper  Tularosa  at  a point  where  the  river  enters  a box 
canyon  below  Joseph,  New  Mexico,  are  smooth  cliff  faces  decorated 
with  numerous  petroglyphs,  which  are  generally  very  well  drawn.1 
Many  of  these  were  figured  by  Henry  Hales.2  On  the  Blue  Fiver 
near  the  ranch  of  Henry  Jones  are  figures  representing  bear  tracks, 
deer,  men,  dragonflies,  stars,  and  other  objects,  and  along  this  river 
where  smooth  rock  faces  are  encountered  petroglyphs  may  be  seen. 

PAINT  STONES. 

Occasionally  evidences  of  pulverized  paints  are  found  in  the  graves 
and  ruins,  but  commonly  the  ancient  tribes  retained  the  paint  in  its 
natural  rock  condition,  as  do  the  present-day 
Pueblos,  and  ground  the  masses  on  flat  stone  sur- 
faces with  some  liquid  medium,  when  the  color  was 
required.  The  ores  from  which  paint  was  derived 
are  copper  carbonate,  blue  and  green;  kaolin  and 
limestone,  white;  hematite,  red  and  brown;  iron 
ocher,  red  and  yellow ; carbon,  black ; tinted  clays, 
pink  and  cream;  and  in  very  rare  instances  fig.  56.— sculptured 

A . ANIMAL  HEAD.  EAST 

noticed  on  pottery,  some  agent,  perhaps  manganese,  camp,  new  Mexico. 
was  employed  to  produce  purple. 

SALT. 

Sources  of  salt  in  a dry  state  are  very  few  in  this  region.  Salt 
Fiver  takes  its  name  from  the  salinity  of  its  waters  derived  from 
great  salt  springs  which  gush  out  into  the  stream  at  several  places  in 
its  course.  These  sources,  however,  do  not  deposit  salt  and  are  be- 
sides very  inaccessible.  Zuni  salt  lake,  which  was  far  but  reached  by 
comparatively  easy  trails  across  the  mountains,  was  probably  visited 
for  this  precious  mineral.  Hidden  in  a nook  on  top  of  the  debris  of 
Tularosa  Cave  was  found  a bag  of  lambskin  sewn  with  sinew  con- 
taining a hardened  mass  of  Zuni  salt,  showing  plainly  the  depression 
formed  by  the  pack  strap.  This  bag  was  probably  deposited  there  at 
an  early  day  by  Mexican  herders. 

BONE. 

Art  in  bone  was  not  highly  developed  in  this  section  of  the  Pueblo 
region,  though  the  resources  were  more  largely  animal  than  in 

1 Bull.  35,  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  pi.  6,  Washington,  1907. 

2 Smithsonian  Kept.,  1892,  p.  535. 

14278°— Bull.  87—14 4 


34 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


other  areas.  Bone  implements  here  are  entirely  practical  and  rarely 
show  effort  at  ornamentation  or  regularity  of  form  and  finish.  They 
consist  of  sharpened  splinters  of  bone  or  slender  bones  which  appear 
to  represent  several  implements,  the  commonest  of  which  is  the  awl, 
having  a sharp  point  and  others  with  rounded  or  chisel-like  ex- 
tremities whose  use  is  not  suggested.  A few  fleshers  made  from  large 
bones  were  found.  Spikes  from  the  antlers  of  the  deer  are  frequently 
seen  in  the  debris  of  ruins.  They  show  wear  and  the  points  are  blunt, 
wedge-shaped  and  scored,  as  though  employed  on  a hard  substance 
and  it  is  possible  that  they  may  have  had  use  for  split- 
ting wood  or  for  chipping  stone.  These  spikes  are  ready - 
to-hand  tools  and  it  is  reasonable  to  say  were  among  the 
first  bon©  implements  in  the  possession  of  man. 

The  most  familiar  and  common  implements  of  bone 
are  awls,  whose  general  use  is  for  sewing, 
but  the  awl  was  a handy  tool  and  may  have 
been  employed  in  a number  of 


61. 

Figs.  57-59. — Bone  awls  from  Spur  Ranch. 

Fig.  60. — Bone  awl  with  spatulate  end  from  Spur  Ranch. 
Fig.  61. — Bone  awl  from  Tularosa  Cave. 

Fig.  62. — Short  bone  awl  from  Spur  Ranch. 


ways.  The  awls  in  the  collection  are  mostly  of  deer  bone,  the  fibula 
being  preferred.  The  piercing  end  is  short,  slender,  and  effective 
(figs.  57-8;  61-2,  Cat.  Nos.  231834,  231887,  a,  b,  e,  U.S.M.;  Spur 
Ranch  and  Cat.  No . 246474,  U.S.N.M.,  Tularosa  Cave) , or  the  working 
end  is  ground  to  spatulate  edge  (figs.  59, 60, 68,  Cat.  Nos.  231887, 231931, 
U.S.N.M.,  Spur  Ranch  and  246476,  U.S.N.M.,  Tularosa  Cave.)  A 
small  bird  bone  comes  from  Luna  (fig.  66),  Cat.  No.  246481,  U.S.N.M. 
Two  interesting  specimens  which  appear  to  be  awls  widen  out  at 
the  upper  end  and  one  of  them  is  terraced  (fig.  63,  Cat.  No.  76239, 
U.S.N.M.,  Upper  San  Francisco  River,  New  Mexico,  collected  by 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


35 


E.  W.  Nelson),  and  this  feature  may  have  been  useful  as  a gauge 
for  coiled  pottery  decoration.  The  other  (fig.  64,  Cat.  No.  231887, 
U.S.N.M.,  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico)  is  squared  off  at  the  top. 
The  use  of  a spatulate  edge  awl-like  tool  is  indicated  in  the  exceed- 
ingly fine  imbricated  coil  which  was  worked  on  the  surface  of  some 
of  the  pottery  of  this  region,  and  some  of  the  specimens  described 
may  have  been  employed  for  the  purpose.  Spikes  of  deer  antlers 
were  ringed  and  broken  from  the  antler  and  the  point  is  sometimes 
natural  (fig.  65,  Cat.  No.  246474,  U.S.N.M.,  Tularosa  Cave),  or 
ground  wedge-shape  (figs.  67,  71,  Cat.  Nos.  232057,  U.S.N.M.,  Spur 

Ranch,  and  245485,  U.S.N.M.,  Luna). 
Sometimes  the  piece  was  worked  and  may 
have  been  used  to  knock  spalls  from  stone. 
(Fig.  73,  Cat.  No.  246477,  U.S.N.M.,  Tula- 
rosa Cave.)  Deer-rib  knives  were  used 
(fig.  72,  Cat.  No.  246481,  U.S.N.M.,  Luna), 
but  apparently  not  to  the  ex- 
tent observed  at  For- 


64. 


Fig.  63. — Bone  implement,  terraced,  from  upper  San  Francisco  River. 
Fig.  64. — Bone  implement  from  Spur  Ranch. 

Fig.  65. — Antler  spike  from  Tularosa  Cave. 

Fig.  66. — Antler  spike  with  chisel  point  from  Spur  Ranch. 

Fig.  67. — Bird  bone  awl  from  Luna,  New  Mexico. 

Fig.  68. — Bone  awl  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


estdale  and  other  ancient  pueblos  on  the  north  side  of  the  moun- 
tains. 

Leather-working  tools  formed  of  long  bones  were  found.  One  of 
these  (fig.  70,  Cat.  246477,  U.S.N.M.,  Tularosa  Cave)  is  ground  on 
the  face,  forming  a sharp  edge  for  dressing  leather;  another  (fig.  69, 
Cat.  No.  231892,  U.S.N.M.,  Spur  Ranch)  utilizes  the  sharp  edges  bor- 
dering the  median  groove  of  a deer’s  leg  bone ; and  a third  specimen 
is  made  by  cutting  diagonally  the  femur  of  a deer  (fig.  74,  Cat.  No. 
231890,  U.S.N.M.,  Spur  Ranch).  This  is  in  effect  the  graining  tool 


36 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


widespread  among  the  American  Indians,  but  simpler  in  conception. 
Excellent  specimens  of  this  scraper  in  the  National  Museum  were 
found  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  at  the  Mesa  Verde,  Colo- 
rado. Bone  was  sectioned  by  sawing  a groove  with  a 

stone  blade  and  the  por- 
tions broken  apart  when 


Fig.  69. — Leather-working  tool  of  bone  from  Spur  Ranch. 

Fig.  70. — Leather-working  tool  of  bone  from  Tularosa  Cave* 

Fig.  71. — Antler  spike  with  chisel  point  from  Luna,  New  Mexico. 

Fig.  72. — Deer  rib  knife  from  Luna.,  New  Mexico. 

Fig.  73. — Antler  punch  from  Tularosa  Cave. 

the  cut  was  deep  enough  (fig.  77,  Cat.  No.  231970,  U.S.N.M.,  Spur 
Kanch),  and  the  edges  finished  by  grinding  on  a stone.  Bone  beads, 
rings,  and  the  bunt  heads  for  throwstick  darts  were 
made  in  this  manner  (figs.  75,  76,  Cat.  No.  246482, 
U.S.N.M.,  Luna),  as  these  specimens  appear  to  show 
similar  workmanship. 


Fig.  74. — Leather-working  tool  of  bone  from  Spur  Ranch. 

Figs.  75-76. — Bunt  heads  of  bone  for  throwstick  darts  from  Luna,  New  Mexico. 
Fig.  77. — Bone  rings  from  Spur  Ranch. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


37 


SHELL 

Shell  had  use  only  for  ornaments,  such  as  beads,  bracelets,  and 
tinklers.  The  uniformity  of  shell  objects  over  the  whole  Pueblo 
region  suggests  that  they  may  have 
been  distributed  from  one  locality 
where  they  were  manufactured, 
though  occasionally  a specimen  is 
found  in  process.  Shells  carved  in 
the  form  of  a frog  are  rather  com- 
mon in  the  Little  Colorado  Valley 
and  on  the  Lower  Gila,  but  are  rare 
in  the  Blue  River  region. 

Small  Pacific  - coast  clamshells 
of  graded  size  were  found  with 
burials  of  children  at  Blue,  and  the  writer  has  noticed  their  occur- 
rence with  children’s  remains  in  other  localities.  So  far  as  is  known 

they  have  never  been  encountered  in 
the  graves  of  adults. 

METAL  WORK. 

There  is  no  evidence  that  the  ancient 
Pueblos  were  acquainted  with  the 
working  of  metal,  and  it  is  apparent 
that  they  had  slight  knowledge  of  free 
metal  of  any  character.  Only  at  the 
Delgar  ruin  on  Tularosa  River  has 
there  been  found  a mass  of  native  cop- 
per, probably  brought  from  the  Rio 
Grande,  where  it  is  found  free.  This 
mass  had  been  rubbed  and  smoothed 
and  treated  in  every  way  as  a stone. 
The  small  bells,  which  have  been  found 
to  the  number  of  about  15  in  Pueblo 
graves,  were  made  in  Mexico,  and  came 
as  a valued  article  of  trade  through 
primitive  commerce. 

A small  globular  hawk-bell  with 
stone  sounder  (fig.  78  a,  bell  natural 
size;  &,  view  from  beneath;  c , stone 
sounder)  was  collected  in  Tonto  Basin 
by  James  Douglas.  (Cat.  No.  173068,  TJ.S.R.M.)  This  is  the  type 
of  copper  bell  found  quite  generally  distributed  in  the  Pueblo  region 
west  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

Henry  Hales  collected  the  largest  and  most  elaborately- worked  bell 
that  has  been  found  in  ancient  ruins  of  the  Southwest.  (Fig.  79,  a.) 


Fig.  79. — Copper  bell  prom  Tttla- 
rosa  River. 


38  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  upper  portion  is  built  up  of  wire,  the  winding  as  in  a coiled 
basket  (fig.  79,  ~b)  ; the  collar  is  formed  in  a similar  way  and  is 
decorated  with  chevrons  of  straight  lines  (fig.  79,  c) ; the  globular 
portion,  however,  is  not  formed  of  wire  but  was  drawn  from  a mass 
of  copper  by  hammering,  the  slit  being  cut  out  afterward.  The  bell 
was  made  in  three  sections,  the  top  with  its  staple,  the  collar  with  a 
raised  band  at  its  lower  margin,  and  the  globular  body,  and  these 
parts  were  brazed  together  after  the  copper  sounder  (fig.  79,  d)  was 
inserted.  The  word  “ brazed  ” is  used  in  the  sense  of  cementation 
together  of  the  parts  by  heat  when  inclosed  in  conjunction  in  a 
mass  of  fire-resistant  founder’s  earth;  the  hollow  of  the  bell  was 
cored  with  the  same  material.  The  bell  was  made  in  Mexico  where 
metal  working  was  practiced,  and  was  brought  to  the  great  ancient 
town  in  the  valley  of  the  Tularosa  in  the  course  of  primitive  traffic. 
It  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  ancient  Mexican  art  in  metal.  (Cat. 
No.  170547,  U.S.N.M. ; diameter,  2 inches;  length,  inches;  Delgar 
Ranch,  Tularosa  River,  New  Mexico.) 

POTTERY. 

On  the  whole  the  region  explored,  with  the  exception  of  the  Tula- 
rosa Valley,  is  not  characterized  by  the  great  excellence  observed  in 
the  ware  found  northeast  of  the  Little  Colorado.  It  is  better  than 
that  of  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  to  the  east  and  northeast,  or  the  Gila 
Valley  to  the  westward,  where  the  ware  appears  to  be  affiliated  with 
that  of  northern  Mexico.  On  the  north  it  grades  somewhat  into  the 
pottery  of  the  higher  boreal  slopes  of  the  White  Mountains,  where 
brown  and  painted  coil  ware  are  the  prevalent  types.  The  decorative 
designs  on  the  pottery  of  this  region  are  of  older  type  than  those  of 
the  Rio  Grande  or  those  found  on  the  pottery  of  the  Pueblos  who 
migrated  westward  from  that  river  into  Arizona  and  settled  among 
the  Pueblos  whose  pottery  was  decorated  with  the  archaic  conven- 
tionalized symbolism.  The  preponderance  and  broad  development  of 
coiled  ware  in  this  region  also  gives  an  older  phase  to  its  ceramic  art, 
and  illustrates  best  the  artistic  relationship  of  basketry  and  pottery. 

COILED  WARE  OF  THE  BLUE  RIVER  REGION. 

In  regions  where  excellent  pottery  clay  was  at  hand  coiled  ware 
was  employed  for  cooking  vessels.  On  the  Blue  River,  however, 
where  no  such  conditions  prevail,  coiled  ware  entered  into  all  classes 
of  uses  and  scarcely  anywhere  are  more  excellent  examples  of  this 
work  found.  As  is  known,  coiling  arises  from  a structural  method 
in  which  vessels  are  formed  of  ropes  of  clay  applied  spirally  and 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OE  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


39 


caused  to  adhere  by  pressure.  In  the  final  process  of  smoothing  the 
vessel  coiling  is  obliterated ; but  in  the  stage  of  construction  the  exte- 
rior of  the  vessel  remains  ridged,  while  the  interior  is  smoothed,  on 
account  of  the  squeezing  together  of  the  clay  there  to  make  the  coils 
adhere.  It  was  customary  to  indent  these  ridges,  producing  in  this 
way  a rough  but  pleasing  surface.  The  indentation  was  always  made 
with  the  tip  of  the  finger,  and  sometimes  the  asperities  of  the  surface 
were  reduced  slightly  by  rubbing  with  a polishing  stone.  Such  ex- 
amples are  quite  common  in  the  region  west  of  the  upper  Rio  Grande 
Valley,  but  are  comparatively  rare  again  in  the  Gila  Valley  and  in 
the  lower  Gila  and  Mexico  scarcely  occur  at  all.  The  variety  of  coil 
which  is  typical  of  the  Blue  River  region  was  formed  by  pressing 
down  the  coil  into  a narrow  ridge,  producing  in  this  way  an  imbri- 
cated surface  effect.  The  coil  appears  to  have  been  formed  with  the 
finger,  although  in  some  cases  a knife-like  tool  was  used.  The  rough 
edges  of  these  ridge  coils  were  smoothed  down.  The  result  was  a 
series  of  ridges,  giving  the  vessel  the  effect  of  a basket ; and  by  press- 
ing these  ridges  at  intervals  with  a tool  patterns  resembling  those  on 
baskets  were  formed.  (See  pi.  5.)  Quite  frequently  patterns  were 
made  by  drawing  a blunt  tool  across  the  surface  and  supplementing 
this  with  small  depressions  at  regular  intervals.  (See  pis.  5,  6.) 
One  excellent  specimen  of  this  type,  a vase  of  large  size  decorated 
with  impressions  in  the  coil,  from  Spur  Ranch,  is  shown.  (Pl.  7, 
fig.  2.)  The  specimen  was  found  sunken  in  the  floor  in  the  corner  of 
a room  which  had  been  used  for  ceremonies.  The  vessel  was  covered 
with  soot  when  found  and  had  been  put  to  domestic  use  before  it  was 
buried  in  the  room.  A similar  jar  was  found  in  the  corner  of  a room 
in  a small  cliff  dwelling  on  the  Rita  Blanca  above  the  Spur  Ranch 
house,  and  specimens  have  been  discovered  at  other  places.  (Cat. 
No.  231920,  U.S.N.M.)  This  type  is  practically  confined  to  the  re- 
gion described  in  this  paper,  but  may,  like  the  painted  coil  type, 
overlap  the  margins  of  neighboring  geographical  areas  to  a slight 
extent.  In  this  region  there  are  also  found  vessels  whose  surface  is 
covered  with  partial  coiling,  the  remaining  surface  being  polished, 
this  portion  usually  being  the  body  of  the  vessel,  while  the  coiling 
extends  over  the  neck  and  down  on  to  the  shoulder.  F requently  small 
bottle  forms  are  decorated  with  fine  coil  patterns.  The  great  variety 
of  coiling  and  the  prevalence  of  the  simple  but  effective  means  of 
modifying  it  for  decorative  purposes  render  the  pottery  of  this  re- 
gion extremely  interesting,  and  since  the  ware  is  particularly  subject 
to  breakage  entire  pieces  are  rare.  The  fragments  may  be  utilized 
to  convey  an  idea  of  its  value  to  the  student  of  archaic  designs.  The 
fragments  on  plates  5 and  6 are  mostly  from  the  necks  of  vessels 
which  carried  the  decoration,  while  the  globular  body  was  plain. 


40  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Plate  5,  figures  1 and  2,  which  show  scoring  over  imbrication,  are  from 
lower  Blue  River  and  Spur  Ranch,  respectively ; 3 and  4,  with  orna- 
mented imbrication,  are  from  Blue  and  Tularosa;  figures  5 to  17, 
with  scored  ornaments,  are  from  Spur  Ranch,  upper  and  lower  Blue 
and  Tularosa  rivers;  and  18  and  19  are  from  the  Tularosa  Cave. 
On  plate  6,  1 is  of  indented  coil,  Blue;  2,  pinched  wave  coil,  Spur 
Ranch;  3,  scored  and  indented  coil,  Tularosa  Cave;  4-5, coil  pinched  to 
form  lumps,  lower  Blue  River ; 6,  basket  impression  on  unburnt  paste 
containing  pounded  juniper  bark,  Tularosa  Cave;  7,  pinched  wave 
coil,  Spur  Ranch;  scored  coil,  Tularosa;  8 and  9,  scored  coil,  Spur 
Ranch;  10,  very  fine  indented  coil,  lower  Tularosa;  11,  scored  coil, 
Tularosa  Cave;  12,  wave  coil,  Spur  Ranch;  13,  malleated  surface 
like  beaten  copper,  Tularosa  Cave;  14  to  17,  scored  coil  and  bottom 
spiral  of  vessel,  Spur  Ranch ; 18,  lapped  and  pinched  coil,  lower  Blue 
River;  19  to  21,  scored  coil,  Spur  Ranch.  Some  of  the  small  rude 
offerings  are  ornamented  with  punch  or  finger-nail  incisions.  The 
finest  examples  of  coil  work  are  found  in  the  Tularosa  Valley,  one 
unique  specimen  from  this  locality  having  a fret  pattern  excavated  in 
the  surface.  From  the  Stevens  Cienaga  on  Spur  Ranch,  at  a ruin 
showing  subterranean  circular  dwellings,  there  was  discovered  a 
unique  vessel  in  fragmentary  condition,  having  two  upward  curving 
handles,  the  ends  of  which  are  grooved.  The  vessel  is  dark  brown 
and  unpolished.  (PI.  7,  fig.  1,  Cat.  No.  231831,  U.S.N.M.) 

BROWN  WARE  OF  THE  BLUE  RIVER  REGION. 

The  common  ware  of  the  Blue  River  region  is  brown  in  color,  the 
paste  rather  coarse  and  weak  and  not  sonorous  in  the  finished  product. 
It  is  made  from  the  volcanic  clays  occurring  along  the  streams  and  ap- 
pears to  have  had  no  temper.  These  clays  belong  to  the  class  called  by 
the  potters  fat  clays,  susceptible  of  high  polish  on  the  unbaked  ware, 
which  was  accomplished  by  the  ancient  potters  by  rubbing  the  sur- 
face with  smooth  stones.  Bowls  preponderate,  and  these  are  invari- 
ably a lustrous  black  on  the  interior,  the  process  here  being  the  same 
as  that  employed  by  the  potters  of  the  upper  Rio  Grande,  especially 
at  Santa  Clara,  where  smothering  in  the  fire  in  the  presence  of  uncon- 
sumed organic  material  fills  the  pores  of  the  vessel  with  carbon, 
producing  an  intense  black.  The  process  was  known  in  Mexico  and 
may  be  observed  in  the  grayish-black  ware  of  Oaxaca.  Some  of  the 
pottery  of  the  southern  United  States  appears  to  have  been  made  by 
the  same  process.  Brown  ware,  like  that  of  the  Blue  River,  is  found 
over  the  entire  watershed  of  the  Gila-Salt  River,  where  it  is  typical, 
but  it  crosses  the  great  ridge  into  the  Little  Colorado  drainage  at 
some  x3oints.  A greater  variety  of  forms  than  in  other  localities,  how- 
ever, is  found  in  the  ruins  examined  on  the  Blue  River.  The  sole  dec- 
oration of  the  bowls  is  a band  of  impressions,  like  those  on  coiled  ware, 


Coiled  and  Paste-Ornamented  Pottery. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  5 


f.j 

■m 


fmrnfjmm mm, 

si 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  40. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  6 


Coiled  and  Paste-Ornamented  Pottery. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  4q. 


/ 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  7 


Pottery  Vessels  from  Spur  Ranch. 

For  explanation  of  plate  see  pages  39  and  40. 


1 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OE  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


41 


just  below  the  edge  of  the  rim.  This,  for  purposes  of  description, 
has  been  called  fillet  rim.  In  these  ruins  was  discovered  a variety  of 
brown  ware  which  occurs  in  only  a few  other  localities  of  this  region 
and  which  has  not  heretofore  been  described.  These  are  bowls 
usually  of  a large  size,  with  lustrous  black  interior,  fillet  rim,  the 
exterior  washed  with  red,  on  which  maze  designs  in  white  lines  have 
been  painted.  These  vessels  are  even  more  fragile  than  the  common 
brown  ware,  and  rarely  can  a perfect  specimen  be  secured.  This 
ware  seems  to  be  related  to  the  a painted  on  coil  ” ware  found  in  a 
limited  area  north  of  the  mountains,  type-specimens  of  which  have 
been  described-  in  the  Museum-Gates  Report  for  1901  from  the  Pet- 
rified Forest  of  Arizona,  and  which  seems  to  be  localized  at  Linden, 
Arizona,  on  the  high  plateau  at  the  headwaters  of  Silver  Creek,  an 
affluent  of  the  Little  Colorado. 

The  forms  of  the  brown  ware  found  at  Blue,  as  indicated,  are 
various,  and  consist  of  vases,  bowls,  bottle  forms,  numerous  diminu- 
tive pieces,  probably  offerings  to  the  springs,  and  animal  shapes. 
Occasionally  these  objects  are  washed  with  red. 

Several  unusual  vessels  have  been  found  in  the  ruins  on  Blue  River, 
and  so  far  as  is  known  to  the  writer,  the  type  is  confined  to  this 
region.  They  consist  of  vases  which  are  formed  by  erecting  the 
neck  portion  from  the  interior  rim  of  a bowl.  As  this  construction 
was  all  accomplished  while  the  clay  was  green,  it  not  being  possible 
to  add  to  a vessel  already  baked,  we  seem  to  have  here  a suggestion 
as  to  the  method  by  which  vases  may  have  been  formed.  It  appears 
in  many  cases  that  the  basis  of  the  vase  was  a bowl,  the  closing  over 
of  the  concave  being  effected  in  such  a manner  as  to  obliterate  or 
soften  down  the  junction  with  the  edge  of  the  bowl.  Not  much  stress, 
however,  can  be  laid  upon  this  statement,  which  appears  to  be  largely 
theoretical. 

GRAY  WARE  OF  THE  BLUE  RIVER  REGION. 

The  gray  ware  of  the  Blue  River  region  has  a coarse  hard  paste, 
burning  dark  gray  to  lead  color.  For  this  reason  all  specimens  that 
have  come  to  hand  have  been  washed  with  kaolin,  which  in  some  cases 
has  crackled  in  firing.  The  paste  also  has  a tendency  to  distort  on 
firing,  so  that  it  is  rare  to  see  a perfectly  shaped  bowl,  but  it  is  not  so 
rare  to  see  a vase  of  correct  outline,  since  the  latter  form  insures  the 
greater  stability  in  the  kiln.  There  are  in  the  gray  pottery  many 
evidences  of  carelessness  in  finishing  the  rims  of  vases  and  the  edges 
and  exteriors  of  bowls.  The  vessels  also  show  a lack  of  delicacy  in 
finish. 

The  designs  are  commonly  of  intense  black  pigment,  though  in 
some  cases  shades  of  dark  brown  occur.  It  is  noticed  that  vessels 
which  have  been  much  worn  from  use  show  this  brown  color.  Quite 


42  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

frequently  the  pottery  is  marred  by  large  smoked  areas  due  to  the 
fuel  resting  against  it  during  the  process  of  burning.  It  is  evident 
that  the  fuel  consisted  of  wood,  the  smoke  markings  being  from 
angular  pieces  of  charcoal. 

The  forms  are:  Bowls,  always  less  than  10  inches  in  diameter; 
vases  Avith  loop  handles,  either  flattened,  twisted,  or  simulating  ani- 
mal figures,  birds  and  heads  of  animals  projecting  from  the  rim. 
(PL  8,  figs.  1 and  2,  Cat.  N os.  736  and  741,  Gates  Coll.;  Blue,  Ari- 
zona.) The  neck  is  occasionally  quite  tall  in  proportion  to  the  body 
and  usually  taller  than  in  specimens  from  the  Tularosa.  The  pre- 
vailing type  is  globular,  but  sometimes  the  vessels  are  of  bird  or  ani- 
mal forms.  One  specimen  especially,  in  the  form  of  a plumed  serpent, 
is  remarkable  (see  figs.  81,  82,  and  83)  and  another,  a bird  form,  is  an 
excellent  example  of  taste,  skill,  and  execution.  A few  dipper  forms 
are  found,  but  they  are  very  scarce  compared  Avith  other  areas  north 
of  the  mountains.  Canteens  holding  about  3 pints  are  present  in 
small  number.  The  relative  frequency  of  gray  pottery  in  the  Blue 
River  region  is  about  12  per  cent.  The  gray  pottery  of  the  Blue 
River  is  much  inferior  to  that  of  the  Tularosa  River  both  in  crafts- 
manship, accuracy  of  draAving,  and  in  quality  of  paste. 

GRAY  WARE  OF  SPUR  RANCH. 

As  one  ascends  out  of  the  gorges  of  the  Blue,  Tularosa,  and  San 
Francisco  rivers  and  mounts  to  the  highland  in  which  they  arise, 
gray  Avare  becomes  very  scarce,  and  little  also  has  been  found  from 
the  Datil  Mountains  on  the  east  to  the  White  Mountains  on  the  west. 
From  the  neighborhood  of  Luna,  New  Mexico,  a few  specimens  have 
been  procured,  and  these  in  the  main  are  related  to  those  of  the  upper 
Blue  River  on  the  south,  and  possibly  some  of  them  may  have  been 
brought  from  that  region.  Several  specimens,  however,  are  unique. 
(See  fig.  84,  p.  47,  also  pi.  9,  figs.  1 and  2.) 


GRAY  WARE  OF  THE  TULAROSA  VALLEY. 

On  account  of  its  exceptional  situation  and  the  fertility  of  its  land, 
the  Tularosa  Valley  maintained  a considerable  population  in  ancient 
times  and,  as  if  reflecting  a life  of  abundance  and  isolation,  there  are 
found  evidences  - of  one  of  the  highest  cultures  in  the  south Avest. 
Gray  ware  was  abundant  here  and  excelled  that  of  any  other  region. 
The  paste  is  fine,  and  was  dextrously  fashioned  into  vessels  which 
show  the  artist’s  appreciation  of  form  and  texture.  The  craft  here 
also  shows  a greater  inventiveness  in  the  production  of  forms  than  is 
met  with  elsewhere.  In  scarcely  any  other  region  do  we  find  so  many 
examples  of  the  pure  white  paste,  which,  if  fired  at  a higher  heat  than 
was  possessed  by  these  Indians,  might  have  produced  a semiporcelain. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87 


PL.  8 


Gray  Ware  from  Blue  River  and  Apache  Creek. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  42. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  9 


Gray  Ware  from  Spur  Ranch. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  42. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


43 


The  decoration  is  varied  and  shows  great  skill  in  the  combination 
of  the  symbolic  elements  at  the  command  of  the  artist.  The  designs 
are  in  deep,  often  lustrous,  black,  and  are  well  drawn.  The  center  of 
the  best  Tularosa  art  was  in  the  great  pueblos  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
valley,  while  that  of  the  smaller  pueblos  on  the  terraces  about  the 
valley  is  only  of  average  quality.  In  the  larger  pueblos  mentioned 
excellence  was  not  confined  to  the  gray  ware,  but  all  classes  partook 
of  the  quality  of  craftsmanship.  The  brown  ware,  which  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  whole  vast  region  treated  in  this  paper,  here  also 
reaches  its  acme.  No  finer  shapes  or  coiling  can  be  found  anywhere 
in  the  Southwest.  The  proportion  of  red  ware  also  is  slightly  higher 
than  in  the  pueblos  where  gray  ware  is  prevalent,  and  this  also  is  ex- 
cellent in  design  and  finish. 

GRAY  WARE  OF  APACHE  CREEK. 

The  gray  ware  of  Apache  Creek  is  of  better  quality  and  finish  than 
that  of  Blue  River,  but  not  equal  to  that  of  the  Tularosa,  with  which, 
however,  it  is  closely  affiliated. 

The  paste  is  coarse,  usually  almost  lead  color,  but  sometimes  white. 
However,  the  paste  was  always  washed  with  a kaolin  white  upon 
which  the  designs  were  drawn. 

The  forms  are  commonly  vases  with  curved  handles  or  animal 
handles,  bowls,  canteens,  and  a few  aberrant  shapes.  (See  pi.  8, 
fig.  3.)  No  animal  forms  were  secured. 

The  decoration  is  in  black;  sometimes  shading  to  dark  brown, 
the  patterns  usually  dual,  but  sometimes  linear.  The  motifs  are  the 
customary  interlocking  frets  so  widely  diffused  on  gray  ware.  The 
bowls  have  exterior  decorations,  which  is  somewhat  unusual  on  gray 
ware.  Sometimes  this  .band  of  decoration  is  continuous  or  separate 
design  units.  The  smaller  bowls  frequently  have  a curved  handle 
at  one  side.  The  neck  of  one  of  the  vases  is  ornamented  with  numer- 
ous stars.  Frequently  the  ware  is  crackled.  The  percentage  of  gray 
ware  is  small  compared  with  that  of  the  brown  and  red. 

RED  WARE  OF  BLUE  RIVER. 

The  finds  taken  from  the  Martin  Ruin  at  Blue  contain  a fair  num- 
ber of  specimens  of  red  pottery  in  most  respects  like  that  encountered 
in  the  ruins  where  gray  ware  preponderates.  The  red  ware  , is  in 
every  respect  like  the  gray,  except  as  to  the  surface  treatment.  The 
paste  is  found  to  be  the  same,  a granular  mass  varying  from  a dark 
to  a light  shade  of  gray,  but  sometimes  being  as  yellow  as  that  em- 
ployed in  the  ancient  Hopi  pottery.  The  examination  of  a section 
of  the  pottery  shows  that  the  surface  has  been  covered  with  a wash 
of  clay,  usually  burning  to  a deep,  pleasing  red,  but  sometimes  verg- 


44  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

ing  to  a yellow  brown.  It  may  be  said,  however,  that  the  individual 
specimens  of  red  ware,  for  instance  the  bowls,  are  much  larger  than 
any  specimens  of  gray  ware  which  have  been  found  in  the  ruin. 
The  specimens  are  also  of  more  elegant  form  and  show  no  effects 
of  warping  in  the  fire. 

The  common  form  is  a deep,  incurving  bowl  (pi.  10,  fig.  3),  usually 
of  large  size,  following  in  this  respect  the  brown  bowls.  Yases  with 
animal  and  loop  handles;  canteen  or  globular  bottle  shapes,  and  bird- 
form  vases  comprise  the  list  of  shapes.  (PL  10,  1 and  2,  Cat.  No. 
702,  697;  Gates  Coll.) 

The  decoration  of  the  interior,  except  in  one  case,  is  invariably  in 
black,  the  designs  being  almost  altogether  dual.  Many  of  the  bowls 
have  exterior  terrace  and  volute  designs  in  white  lines;  one  speci- 
men which  has  a white  interior  decoration  has  a series  of  conven- 
tional birds  painted  on  the  exterior.  Another  has  an  individual 
diamond-shape  pattern  in  black  outlined  in  white.  Still  another  has 
conventional  birds  applied  in  low-relief  in  red  on  a yellowish  ground. 
The  designs  are  almost  invariably  in  fours.  One  excellent  specimen 
is  decorated  with  the  four-bird  convention  in  a circular  field  out- 
lined by  hachure  and  in  the  center  of  the  bottom  the  same  design  re- 
peated, but  the  birds  mounted  at  the  corners  of  the  square  are  sup- 
plied with  beaks  and  tails.  The  specimen  is  a remarkable  example 
of  the  juxtaposition  of  geometric  and  realistic  design.  (See  fig.  85.) 
A small  bird-form  vase  in  the  collection  is  of  excellent  workmanship 
and  is  a good  example  of  the  skill  of  the  pottery  maker  and  deco- 
rator. The  design  upon  it  represents  the  dual  interlocking  birds, 
four  in  number,  centering  over  the  breast,  the  two  wings  and  the 
tail.  The  handle  at  the  neck  is  the  head  of  an  animal.  In  some 
cases  it  is  difficult  to  separate  the  soft  brown  ware  which  at  times  has 
been  washed  with  red,  from  the  red  ware  which  has  been  described. 
It  may  also  be  said  that  the  red  vessels  have  their  counterparts  in 
ancient  sites  widely  separated  from  the  ruins  on  Blue  River.  Both 
red  and  gray  pottery  have  taken  part  in  an  extended  distribution 
over  the  Southwest  west  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  north  of  the  Gila. 

BED  WAKE  OF  APACHE  CREEK. 

Some  red  ware  has  been  found  at  Apache  Creek  and  one  specimen 
from  the  N.  H.  Ranch,  presented  by  Mrs.  Montague  Stevens,  has  a 
pattern  of  exceptional  interest,  apparently  representing  four  sun 
shields.  This  specimen  is  also  of  hard  paste  washed  with  red,  the 
design  being  in  black.  (See  fig.  91.) 

RED  WARE  OF  TULAROSA  RIVER. 

In  the  Delgar  Ruins  on  the  Tularosa  River  some  red  ware  has  been 
secured.  This  ware  is  quite  as  well  decorated  as  the  gray,  but  owing 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  10 


Red  Ware  from  Blue  River. 


For  explanation  of  flate  see  page  44. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  11 


Pottery  Vases  and  Bowls  from  Fort  Bayard,  New  Mexico. 

For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  45. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


45 


to  its  fragility,  not  many  whole  specimens  were  taken  out.  It  is  also 
of  gray  paste,  but  more  granular  than  usual,  probably  due  to  the 
character  of  the  material  employed. 

POTTERY  OF  UPPER  MIMBRES. 

The  Museum  was  fortunate  in  securing  from  Mrs.  W.  O.  Owen  a 
small  collection  of  pottery  taken  from  ruins  at  Fort  Bayard.  This 
collection  consists  principally  of  the  gray  type,  but  having  a different 
character  from  any  such  ware  in  the  Southwest. 

The  paste  is  in  no  case  the  clear  white  or  gray  of  some  other  locali- 
ties, but  is  rather  a brown  body  of  somewhat  fragile  texture  which  has 
been  covered  with  a wash  of  white.  The  pigment  used  in  decoration 
bums  to  a beautiful  red  brown,  due  perhaps  to  the  presence  of  yellow 
ocher  in  the  iron  ore  employed  for  paint. 

The  shapes  are  bowls  somewhat  conical  in  form  (pi.  11,  figs.  6 and 
7),  occasionally  with  flaring  rim  and  usually  distorted  in  firing  (fig. 
5)  ; globose  bowls  (fig.  3)  ; pear- formed  vases  with  two  perforated 
lugs  (fig.  2)  ; flattened  vases  of  fine  coiled  work  with  pairs  of  spur 
projections  around  the  shoulder  (fig.  1) , and  the  ordinary  coiled  vases 
existing  generally  in  the  region  (fig.  4).  The  globose  bowl  (fig.  3) 
(Cat.  No.  178822,  U.S.N.M.)  is  washed  on  the  upper  portion  only. 
No  decorations  appear  on  the  exterior  of  the  bowls.  The  symbolism 
is  simple  and  is  executed  in  the  hachure  and  solid  color  common  to  the 
gray  pottery,  but  bands  of  lines  are  much  used.  There  is  much  to 
connect  this  pottery  with  the  Casa  Grandes  region  of  Chihuahua.  It 
is  said  that  bowls  have  been  found  in  these  ruins  at  Fort  Bayard 
which  contain  zooic  designs  in  the  circular  field  at  the  bottom. 

POTTERY  OF  BEAR  CREEK  CAVE. 

Illustrations  of  ware  deposited  as  offerings  are  shown  in  figures  278 
to  316,  pages  117-122.  They  are  of  plain  brown  ware,  sometimes 
washed  red;  coiled  ware;  and  were  decorated  with  water  color,  but 
no  gray  or  pure  red  pottery  vessels  were  found,  indicating  either  a 
ceremonial  proscription  as  to  the  class  of  ware  to  be  used  for  offer- 
ings, or  the  absence  of  other  types  of  pottery  among  the  worshippers. 

POTTERY  OF  TULAROSA  CAVE. 

The  pottery  and  pottery  fragments  found  in  the  Tularosa  Cave 
are  of  rude  ware,  and  it  appears  that  the  Indians  here  did  not  possess 
any  of  the  finer  vessels  common  in  the  ruins  a few  miles  lower  down 
the  river.  The  ware  from  the  cave,  however,  is  of  the  region  and 
consists  of  plain  brown,  scored  coil,  and  some  that  may  be  classed 
with  gray  type,  but  very  rude,  prevalent  in  the  order  named.  A 


46 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


curious  fragment  of  a vessel  molded  in  a basket,  unburnt,  and  hav- 
ing the  paste  mixed  with  bark  (see  pi.  6,  fig.  6)  was  found  in  the 
cave. 

POTTERY  DESIGNS. 

The  designs  on  the  bowls  commonly  contain  four  elements  based 
on  the  world  quarters,  the  bottom  area  usually  being  circular  and 


Fig.  80. — Design  from  bottom  of  a bowl 
from  Blue. 


blank.  Designs,  however,  are  met 
with  based  on  three,  five,  and 
six  elements.  Only  one  bowl 
bearing  an  isolated  design  on  the 


Fig.  81. — Serpent  effigy  vase  (front 
view)  from  Blue. 


bottom  area  was  collected  (fig.  80,  Cat.  No.  245518,  U.S.N.M.,  Blue 
Biver),  and  none  of  the  gray  bowls  have  exterior  decorations.  The 
designs,  in  order  of  frequency,  are  combined  hatched  and  solid  color, 
solid  color,  and  checker,  two  cases  of  the  latter  being  noticed.  The 


Fig.  82. — Serpent  effigy  vase  (back 
view)  from  Blue. 


Fig.  83. — Serpent  effigy  vase  (shoul- 
der view)  from  Blue. 


dipper  follows  the  bowl  in  the  quadrate  designs.  The  vases  are 
usually  decorated  around  the  body  with  a repeat  design  of  interlock- 
ing frets.  Those  pieces,  which  are  decorated  with  the  interlocking 
volutes,  are  invariably  in  fours.  The  bird  and  animal  forms  are 
decorated  in  consonance  with  the  animal  topography.  (See  figs.  81, 
82,  83.)  The  patterns  on  the  rims  are  almost  invariably  stepped. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


47 


although  sometimes  a running  design  or  a design  in  sections  is  ap- 
plied. The  edge  of  both  bowls  and  vases  is  frequently  decorated 
with  spots  or  hyphenlike  figures.  The  handles  of  vases,  if  plain, 
have  geometrical  figures ; if  animal,  are  decorated  accordingly. 
Occasionally  the  decoration  on  a plain  handle  indicates  that  a de- 
graded animal  form  is  present.  Figures  81,  82,  and  83  are  of  a re- 
markable vessel,  representing  the  great  plumed  serpent,  whose  my- 
thology extends  among  so  many  different  tribes.  Great  care  has  been 
exerted  in  forming  and  decorating  this  vessel.  The  back  of  the  ser- 
pent bears  designs  which  embrace  lightning,  snake,  and  feather  sym- 
bols, but  the  shoulder  and  tail  patterns  have  an  arrangement  that  is 
strange  and  appear  to  convey  a hidden  meaning.  The  head  bears 
unique  designs,  of  which  the  plume  passing  between  the  low  horns 
is  recognizable.  The  neck  has  a fret  made  up  of  lightning-snake  and 
snake  motives  and  the  handle 
bears  cloud  symbols.  Fragments 
of  a similar  effigy  vessel  have  been 
found  in  the  great  ceremonial 
kiva  of  Pueblo  Bonito,  New 
Mexico,1  and  form  one  of  several 
connecting  links  between  that  re- 
gion and  the  Gila-Salt  region. 

(Blue,  Arizona,  Cat.  No.  245540, 

U.S.N.M.) 

Another  remarkable  specimen 
(fig.  84)  is  ornamented  with  two 
snakes  coiled  about  the  interior. 

One  snake  is  black  and  the  other 
is  patterned  with  diagonal  lines, 
as  though  to  represent  the  markings  of  the  snake.  The  tails  of  these 
snakes  begin  at  the  rim  and  the  heads  are  brought  together  at  the 
center  of  the  bottom,  which  is  unusual,  the  customary  method  being 
to  oppose  and  interlock  such  figures.  The  head  is  arrow-shaped,  in 
solid  black,  having  in  the  center  a white  area  with  a black  dot  for 
the  eye.  The  exterior  lead  color  surface  is  spotted  with  kaolin, 
evidently  put  on  with  the  finger.  This  spotting  does  not  cover  the 
entire  surface,  a wedge-shaped  clear  space  being  left  on  one  side. 
This  bowl  was  for  ceremonial  use.  (Cat.  No.  231990,  U.S.N.M., 
Spur  Ranch  Cienaga.) 

Figure  85  shows  circles  inclosing  a four-bird  world  quarter  conven- 
tion on  a gradined  background.  In  the  center,  as  though  interpreting 
the  design,  are  four  birds  perched  on  angles  of  a square.  (See  Bird 
Circuit  Symbolism,  p.  103.)  The  bowl  is  bright  red  and  well  finished. 


Fig.  84. — Snake  design  from  bowl  from 
Spur  Ranch. 


1 Work  cited  on  p.  50. 


48 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


The  design  shows  a hesitancy  in  the  drawing  of  the  inclination  of 
the  gradines.  (Blue,  Arizona,  Cat,  No.  245545,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  86  is  from  a well-made  bowl,  the  walls  being  quite  thin. 
The  decoration  is  in  dual  pattern,  the  gradined  element  being  painted 


Fig.  85. — Bird  design  on  bowl  from  Fig.  86. — Design  on  bowl  from  Spur 


Blue.  Ranch. 

in  purple.  The  color  appears  to  be  a thin  transparent  wash  which 
does  not  interfere  with  the  hatched  lines.  In  the  circular  field  in  the 
bottom  of  the  bowl  is  a four-bird  convention.  The  specimen  is  from 
the  Sour  Banch  Cienaga,  near  Luna,  New  Mexico.  (Cat.  No.  232002, 
U.S.N.M.) 


Fig.  87. — Design  from  a bowl  from  Fig.  88. — Design  on  vase  from 

Tularosa  River.  San  Francisco  River. 


A good  design  (fig.  87)  is  taken  from  a bowl  found  on  the  Tula- 
rosa Biver  by  Henry  Hales.  (Cat.  No.  155151,  U.S.N.M.)  The 
motives  are  interlocking  birds  in  three  pairs,  producing  a design  full 
of  movement,  and  with  a pleasing  harmony  in  the  relation  of  the 
white  and  black  elements,  worthy  of  the  artists  of  the  J apanese  mon 
or  crests.  A design  of  superior  order  is  shown  in  figure  88,  which 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


49 


Fig.  89. — Designs  from  bowl  from  Blue. 


represents  a vase  with  animal  handle  from  the  upper  San  Francisco 
Eiver  in  New  Mexico,  collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson.  (Cat.  No.  109773, 
U.S.N.M.)  The  design  is  in  four,  applied  diagonally  with  great  skill 
to  the  globular  surface,  and  each  section  is  in  four  bands  of  pairs  of 
birds  with  interlocking  bills.  The 


backs  of  the  birds  are  denticu- 
lated, giving  the  white  space  be- 
tween the  pairs  a zigzag  effect. 

This  is  also  carried  along  the 
upper  margin  of  each  gore,  and 
in  the  angle  is  a hooked  figure. 

The  neck  of  the  vase  is  decorated 
with  a fret  which  is  an  evolution 
of  the  bird  pair  motive.  The  con- 
fidence and  mastery  with  which 
this  complicated  and  difficult  de- 
sign is  placed  on  the  vessel  is 
surprising. 

Figure  89  shows  a design  in 
three  lobes  outlined  with  black  and  terminating  in  three  whorls,  the 
background  decorated  with  black  and  white  checker  diminishing  in 
size  toward  the  center.  This  is  the  conventional  plumage  motive,  and 

it  is  possible  that  the  design  is  a three-bird 
convention.  From  a bowl,  Blue,  Arizona. 
(Cat.  No.  245508,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  90  is  a design  taken  from  a dipper 
collected  on  the  Tularosa  Eiver,  New  Mexico, 
by  Henry  Hales  (Cat. No.  155157, U.S.N.M.), 
and  is  a very  interesting  example  of  the  har- 
monizing of  bird  motives  in  an  irregular 
space. 

Figure  91  is  from  a beautiful  red  bowl  of 

superior  form  and  finish.  The  design,  of 

which  one  repeat  is  given,  has  not  been 

met  with  before  and  appears  to  be  unique. 

The  circular  designs  may  be  sun  shields  with 

feathers.  (Apache  Creek,  Cat.  No.  232083, 

U.S.N.M.  Gift  of  Mrs.  Montague  Stevens.) 

Another  excellent  specimen  is  in  the  form 

Fig.  90 —Design  from  a dip-  Gf  a vase  with  low  body  and  long  tubular 
per  from  Tularosa  River.  . . , . . , , 

neck,  to  which  is  attached  a handle.  Ihe 
bottom  is  punched  upward.  The  decoration  is  in  dual  designs 
well  executed.  The  paste  of  this  vessel  is  fine,  gray  in  color,  and 
not  crackled.  (Spur  Eanch,  Cienaga,  Cat.  No.  232001,  U.S.N.M. 

14278°— Bull.  87—14 5 


50 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


(pi.  9,  fig.  1) .)  The  specimen  is  similar  to  those  from  Pueblo  Bonito, 
New  Mexico,  discovered  by  George  Pepper,  of  the  Hyde  expedition.1 

Figure  92,  bird  design  in  dual  treatment,  forming  volutes  full  of 
movement.  The  design  is  simple,  owing,  perhaps,  to  the  form  and 
area  of  the  space  to  be  covered,  and  this  exigency  has  had  as  much 
to  do  with  the  simplification  and  conventionalization  of  designs  as 
any  other  cause.  (From  a bowl  found  at  Blue,  Arizona,  Cat.  No. 
245524,  U.S.N.M.) 


Fig.  91. — Design  from  a red  bowl  from  Apache  Creek. 


Figure  93,  bird  design,  interpreted  in  cloud  and  rain  forms,  in 
solid  black  and  gradined  figures  (dual  treatment).  The  triangular 
figures  above  are  feathers  (wings).  It  is  probable  that  the  idea  here 
is  a combination  of  the  bird  and  feathered  serpent,  the  latter  being 
represented  by  the  black  element  of  the  volutes.  (From  a vase,  Blue, 
Arizona,  Cat.  No.  245518,  U.S.N.M.) 


Fig.  92. — Bird  design  from  a bowl 
from  Blue. 


Fig.  93. — Bird  design  from  a vase  from 
Blue. 


Figure  94  is  a more  complicated  design,  made  up  of  the  dual  inter- 
locking bird  frets  running  in  two  series.  The  result  is  mixed  and 
less  artistic  than  usual.  (From  a vase,  Blue,  Arizona,  Cat.  No. 
245522,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  95,  a terrace  design  entirely  in  black,  the  terraces  repre- 
senting the  interlocking  birds,  and  in  the  triangle  above  is  appar- 
ently a symbol  representing  a bird,  which  occurs  also  in  other  de- 
signs. As  the  design  is  applied  to  the  body  of  the  vase,  the  lower 


1 Exploration  of  a Burial  Room  in  Pueblo  Bonito,  New  Mexico.  Putnam  Anniversary 
Volume  of  Anthropological  Essays,  New  York,  1909,  pi.  Ill,  p.  206. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


51 


margin  is  irregular,  the  sections  of  the  design  forming  gores.  This 
was  evidently  intended  as  an  artistic  treatment  of  the  border,  as  in 
point  lace.  (From  a vase, 

Blue,  Arizona,  Cat.  No. 

244527,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  96,  a similar  de- 
sign, but  less  complicated, 
in  which  the  interlocking 
bird  elements  are  arranged 
in  a maze  pattern  and  the 
triangles  carry  the  bird 
symbol.  This  pleasing  de- 
sign is  from  a vase  from 
the  Tularosa  River.  (Col- 
lected by  Henry  Hales,  Cat. 

No.  155124,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  97,  a dual  design  in  which  the  original  elements  are  very 
much  simplified,  being  merely  zigzag.  The  key,  however  of  the 


Fig.  95. — Bird  terrace  design  from  a vase  Fig.  96. — Design  from  a vase  from 

from  Blue.  Tularosa  River. 

design  lies  in  the  bird  symbol  in  the  pendent  triangles  occurring  in 
several  of  the  illustrations.  Attention  is  called  to  an  obvious  error 

in  the  position  of  one  of 
the  bird  symbols  on  the 
right  of  the  design  and 
also  a curious  diversity  in 
the  drawing  of  the  gra- 
dines  in  the  lower  zig- 
zag. (From  a vase  from 
the  Tularosa  River,  New 
Mexico.  Collected  by  E. 
W.  Nelson,  Cat.  No.  115829, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  98  is  from  the 
border  around  the  neck  of  the  above  vase  and  the  design  consists  of 
an  arrangement  of  the  bird  symbol. 


Fig.  94. — Bird  fret  from  a vase  from  Blue. 


beautified  by  the  addition  of  the  wings  and  tails 
This  design  is  peculiarly  interesting,  because  it  is 
to  the  meaning  of  these  inter- 
locking volutes.  (Alma,  New 
Mexico.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nel- 
son, Cat.  No.  109778,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  102.  This  design  is  easily 
seen  to  be  the  interlocking  bird 
pattern,  and  it  also  presents  an- 
other form  of  the  bird  symbol  in 
the  triangular  areas  above  and  be- 
low. From  a vase  from  the  Tula- 
rosa  River.  (Collected  by  Henry 
U.S.N.M.) 


of  the  birds. 
i definite  key 


Fig.  102. — Design  from  a vase  from 
Tularosa  River. 

Hales,  Cat.  No.  155127, 


52  BULLETIN  Si,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Figure  99,  a somewhat  similar  arrangement  of  the  bird  symbols, 
but  different  from  the  latter  in  being  connected,  forming  a pleasing 


Fig.  101. — Design  from  a bird-form  vase  from  San  Francisco  River. 


Fig.  98. — Design  from  the  neck  of  a 
vase  from  Tularosa  River. 


Fig.  99. — Design  from  a bird-form 
vase  from  San  Francisco  River. 


fret.  The  design  is  from  a bird-form  vessel  from  the  San  Francisco 
River  at  Alma,  New  Mexico.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson,  Cat.  No. 

109779,  U.S.N.M. 

Figure  100.  In  this  is  shown  a 
square  treatment  of  the  bird  de- 
sign. (From  a vase  from  Blue, 
Arizona,  Cat.  No.  245518, 

Fig.  100. — Design  from  a vase  from  U.S.N.M.) 

Blue-  Figure  101,  from  a bird- form 

vase  is  the  most  spirited  design  that  has  been  found  in  this  region. 
It  consists  of  volutes  which  are  birds,  and  is  strengthened  and 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


53 


Figure  103  shows  the  same  design  repeated  on  the  same  vessel,  this 
section  of  it  being  applied  to  the  rim.  The  bird  symbol  is  gradined 


Fig.  103. 


-Design  from  a vase  from 
Tularosa  River. 


Fig.  104. — Design  from  a vase  from 
Spur  Ranch. 


and  repeated  in  black,  slightly 
different  in  form,  below. 

(Tularosa  River,  New  Mexico. 

Collected  by  Henry  Hales,  Cat. 

No.  155127,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  104.  This  shows  a 
very  simplified  treatment  of 
the  bird  figures  in  dual  design  and  was  applied  to  the  long,  tubular 
neck  of  a vase  from  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico,  Cat.  No. 

232001,  U.S.N.M. 

Figure  105.  This  design  oc- 
curs somewhat  frequently  on 
gray  pottery  of  this  region. 
It  appears  to  be  a design 
based  upon  birds,  but  does 
not  follow  either  the  con- 
ventional or  artistic  rules  of 
such  designs.  It  may  be  de- 
scribed as  a rain  - and  - cloud 
design.  (From  a vase,  Apache  Creek,  Tularosa  River,  New  Mexico, 
Cat.  No.  245772,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  106.  This  pleas- 
ing and  artistic  design  is 
based  upon  four  birds,  the 
key  symbol  of  which  oc- 
curs in  the  center  of  the 
gradine  squares.  For  a very 
interesting  working  out  of 
this  design,  see  figure  85. 

(From  body  of  vase,  upper 
San  Francisco  River,  New  Mexico.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson,  Cat. 
No.  114870,  U.S.N.M.) 


Fig.  105. — Design  from  a vase  from 
Apache  Crbek. 


Fig.  106. — Design  from  a vase  from  San 
Francisco  River. 


54 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Figure  107.  This  design  in  solid  black  represents  two  birds  in  ter- 
race form,  the  zigzag  line  representing  the  running  element  of  the 
design.  The  broad  area  of  the  terrace  contains  modifications  of  the 
bird  symbol.  (From  the  interior  of  a bowl,  Blue,  Arizona,  Cat.  No. 

Figure  108.  This  design, 
which  is  a section  of  that 
covering  a whole  vase,  ap- 
parently is  intended  to  show  a 
succession  of  zigzags  formed 
by  alternate  opposed  series 
in  solid  black  and  gradine. 
(Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New 
Mexico,  Cat.  No.  231987, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  109.  A similar  de- 

Fig.  107. — Design  from  a bowl  from  Blue.  . 0 , 

sign  is  found  on  the  rim  of 

a vase  (fig.  104),  and  in  it  the  zigzag  line  is  manifestly  important. 

The  triangular  spaces  show  the  simplest  form  of  the  bird  symbol. 

(Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mexico,  Cat.  No.  232001,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  110.  Another  design  shows  a pair  of  zigzag  lines  treated 
very  much  as  the  white  line  decorations  on  the  red  bowls  from  the 
Blue  River.  This  is  from  the  rim  of  a vase  found  at  Fort  Bayard, 
New  Mexico,  by  Mrs.  W.  O. 

Owen,  Cat.  No.  178826,  U.S.N.M. 

Figure  111.  This  is  a design 
simplified  for  application  to  the 
handle  of  a dipper.  It  appar- 
ently represents  a succession  of 
opposing  black  and  gradine  bird 
symbols  whose  opposition  forms 
a zigzag.  The  denticulation  on 
the  margin  of  the  triangles  is  ap- 
parently a feather  convention. 

(Tularosa  River,  New  Mexico. 

Collected  by  H.  Hales,  Cat.  No. 

155158,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  112,  design  from  the 
handle  of  the  dipper  previously 
mentioned.  So  far  as  is  known 
the  design  is  unique  and  it  is  difficult  to  assign  its  meaning.  It  is 
evidently  a clipped  or  abbreviated  design  suited  to  the  narrow  space 
it  must  occupy,  and  appears  to  be  the  bird-rain  triangular  symbol 
arranged  centrally,  instead  of  in  zigzag. 


Fig.  108.- 


-Design  from  a yase  from  Spur 
Ranch. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


55 


Figure  113.  This  design  is  from  the  rim  of  a globular  vase,  and  is 
therefore  abbreviated,  and  does  not  seem  to  follow  the  ordinary  rules 


Fig.  109. — Design  from  a vase  from  Fig.  110. — Design  from  a vase  from  Fort 

Spur  Ranch.  Bayard. 


to  which  designs  of  birds  adhere.  It  is,  however,  a bird  convention. 
(Tularosa  Kiver,  New  Mexico.  Collected  by  Henry  Hales,  Cat.  No. 
155124,  U.S.N.M.) 


Fig.  111. — Design  from  the  handle  of  a dipper  from  Tularosa  River. 


Figure  114.  This  design  is  from  the  breast  of  a bird-shape  vase 
and  belongs  to  the  class  of  zooic  topographical  designs  which  may  be 


Fig.  112. — Design  from  the  handle  of  a dipper  from  Tularosa  River. 


observed  on  a number  of  figures  in  this  report.  These  are  very  inter- 
esting and  appear  to  be  related  in  some  way,  not  only  to  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  topography  of  this 
portion  of  the  bird,  but  to  convey 
an  idea  of  the  separate  entity  of 
these  parts.  (Blue,  Arizona,  Cat. 

No.  245535,  U.S.N.M.) 


Fig.  113. — Design  from  the  rim  of  a vase  Fig.  114. — Design  from  a bird-shaped 
from  Tularosa  River.  vase  from  Blue. 

Figure  115.  This  is  one  of  the  designs  that  appear  rarely  without 
combination.  It  is  from  a bird-shaped  vase  and  apparently  repre- 
sents plumage.  (Blue,  Arizona,  Cat.  No.  245535,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  116.  This  is  an  independent  design  occuring  on  a hard- 
burnt  bowl  of  red  ware.  It  resembles  some  of  the  designs  in  white 


56 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Fig.  115. — Design  from  a bird-shafed 
vase  from  Blue. 


line  occurring  on  the  soft  red  bowls  (see  fig.  125).  (Blue,  Arizona, 
Cat.  No.  245546,  U.S.N.M.) 

WHITE-LINE  DESIGNS  OF  BLUE  RIVER. 

The  designs  drawn  in  white  lines  on  the  red-brown  bowls  of 
upper  Blue  River  form  a unique  series.  But  two  specimens  among 

the  white-line  pottery  bear  recog- 
nizable animal  designs.  One  of 
these  from  a bowl  (Cat.  No. 
245639,  U.S.N.M.)  is  a most  in- 
teresting convention  of  the  moun- 
tain lion  whose  figure  is  reduced  to 
straight  lines  and  equal  spacing. 
(Fig.  117.)  The  grouping  of  the 
feet  as  if  in  perspective  and  the 
convention  of  the  head  are  note- 
worthy, and  these  parts  are  reduced  to  design  units  which  would  form 
the  key  to  further  elaborations  of  this  motive  in  frets.  Another  bowl 
(Cat.  No.  245553,  U.S.N.M.)  has 
a series  of  five  conventional  birds 
drawn  in  white  encircling  the 
exterior  rim  (fig.  118).  The  cus- 
tomary designs  consist  of  run- 
ning frets  of  two  or  three  lines 
alternately  straight  and  waved 
(figs.  119,  120)  or  stepped  (fig. 

121) ; a running  one-line  maze 
(fig.  122)  ; a terminating  trape- 
zoid fret  (snake)  (fig.  123)  ; a 
swastika  fret  with  waved  termi- 
nals in  a trapezoid  figure  sur- 
rounded with  a waved  border 
(fig.  124)  ; a key  swastika  maze 
in  which  the  circumscribing  lines 
enter  forming  interlocking  keys  (bird)  (fig.  125)  ; and  a swastika 
with  stepped  terminals  inclosed  in  trapezoid  surrounded  with  a 
zigzag  border  (bird)  (fig.  126). 


Some  of  the  designs  are  rude  (fig.  127),  but  usually  the  trapezoid 
compositions  are  elaborate  and  drawn  with  accuracy. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


57 


118. 


Figs.  118-124. — Designs  from  bowls  from  Blue. 


58 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 
WOOD. 


Fig.  125. — Design  from  a bowl  from 
Blue. 


In  this  region  the  chief  demand  for  large  masses  of  wood  was  for 
house  beams,  and  whenever  possible  straight-growing  trees  were 

selected,  the  cottonwood  wherever 
it  was  to  be  had  answering  the 
purpose  in  most  cases,  formerly 
as  at  present.  The  most  available 
tree  in  the  mountains  was  the  pine, 
the  felling  of  which  offered  little 
difficulty  when  fire  was  used. 

The  cliff -dwellings  of  the  Gila- 
Salt  drainage  were  of  one  story, 
the  roof  being  formed  by  the  over- 
hang of  the  rock,  and  for  this  rea- 
son the  beams,  poles,  and  masses 
of  branches,  grass,  etc.,  of  the 
open-air  pueblos  were  not  always 
required.  Occasionally,  however, 
a rough  post  of  juniper,  quite  irregular  in  shape,  is  planted  in  a wall. 

Smaller  wands  and  poles  for  roof  structures,  etc.,  were  cut  along 
the  streams,  the  method  apparently 
being  to  bend  over  the  sapling  and 
scrape  and  saw  with  a sharp  edge 
spall  or  chipped  implement,  the 
cutting  being  expedited  by  the 
straining  of  the  wood  fibers  at 
the  point  of  bending.  This  process 
was  operated  on  the  other  side  of 
the  sapling  which  could  then  be 
twisted  or  worked  apart.  Butts 
of  rods  remaining  in  the  caves 
seem  to  indicate  this  method  of 
work. 

The  twigs  were  removed  from  the  rods  intended  for  basket  rims  and 
saplings  were  cut  for  bows,  etc.,  by  means  of  the  stone  knife,  and  the 

rods  were  subsequently  ground 
down  on  abrading  stones,  but 
rarely  leveled,  the  usual  result 
being  rounded  projections  over 
the  insertions  of  the  twigs,  and, 
in  the  case  of  the  bow,  giving 
fig.  127 —design  from  a bowl  from  blue,  greater  strength  and  durability. 

A material  of  the  greatest  usefulness  was  found  in  the  flowering 
stalks  of  yucca,  dasylirion,  and  agave,  which  are  light,  strong,  and 
of  good  length,  especially  the  agave  flower  stalk.  The  dasylirion 


Fig.  126. — Design  from  a bowl  from 
Blue. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  12 


Bent  Wood  Rings  and  Wooden  Hook. 

For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  59. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


59 


and  agave  stems  could  be  readily  split,  forming  miniature  boards, 
which  were  used  in  preparing  different  offerings.  (See  figs.  218- 
221.)  Many  pieces  of  the  flowering  stalk,  split  in  halves  as  well  as 
whole  pieces,  were  found  in  Tularosa  Cave. 

Occasionally  in  the  Tularosa  Cave  small  bundles  of  basket  splints 
were  found.  These  retain  the  inner  bark  on  one  side  and,  like  those 
of  Canyon  del  Muerto  and  Mesa  Verde,  were  stripped  from  slender, 
freshly  cut  rods  of  some  tough  fissile  wood.  The  Tularosa  splints  are 
smoothly  finished  on  the  wyood  side,  and  the  marks  show  that  they 
were  laid  on  a flat  surface  and  finished  with  a fine-grain  stone.  A 
method  quite  common  in  this  region  of  reducing  a branch  to  the 
equivalent  of  a rope  was  by  twisting  the 
wood  until  it  became  soft,  in  the  manner  of 
the  old  English  fagot  gatherer,  and  many 
of  the  twisted  and  looped  branches  from  the 
Tularosa  Cave  resemble  fagot  ties.  From 
Lower  Johnson  Cave,  Blue  River,  Arizona, 
there  is  in  the  collection  a rude  hook,  9 
inches  long  and  4J  inches  wide  (fig.  128), 
made  by  bending  a tough  green  branch  on 
itself  to  the  shape  of  a hook  and  tying  parts 
together  with  strips  of  yucca.  It  was  prob- 
ably used  for  lowering  or  drawing  up  things 
over  the  cliff  which  falls  almost  sheer  for 
many  feet  below  the  mouth  of  the  cave. 

(Cat.  No.  246197,  U.S.N.M.) 

Bending  wood  by  heat  was  known,  and 
a number  of  the  examples  of  crooks  show 
traces  of  fire.  (See  pi.  19.)  Examples  of 
bent  wood  and  a hook  are  shown  on  plate 
12.  Figure  1 is  a hook  showing  rude  work, 
probably  used  as  a wall  hanger  in  the  house  (Cat.  No.  246451, 
U.S.N.M.)  ; figure  2 is  a hoop  crossed  with  a rude  netting  of  yucca 
splints,  probably  for  suspending  food  or  perishable  objects  from 
the  ceiling  away  from  rodents.  (Cat.  No.  2159,  U.S.N.M.,  from  a 
cave  on  upper  Eagle  Creek,  Arizona.)  Figures  8,  4,  5,  6 are  hoops 
of  yucca  and  branches  lashed  and  wound  with  yucca.  (Cat.  Nos. 
246364,  2156,  2153,  and  246365,  U.S.N.M.,  Tularosa  Cave  and  Eagle 
Creek.) 

Sometimes  rings  of  bark  were  removed  from  rods  alternately,  the 
purpose  seemingly  being  that  of  ornamentation. 

Gathering  firewood  appears  to  have  been  accomplished  by  breaking 
branches  from  juniper  trees  by  means  of  a large  stone  maul.  On 
several  occasions  these  large  mauls  have  been  found  in  juniper  groves 
away  from  villages,  and  as  the  wood  of  this  tree  is  very  brittle,  the 
connection  of  this  implement  with  wood  gathering  is  probable. 


Blub  River. 


60 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


The  most  numerous  and  the  best  examples  showing  the  process  of 
cutting  wood  were  found  in  the  Tularosa  Cave.  The  rejected  scraps 

of  sticks,  with  a bunch  of  shavings  at  one 
end,  are  mute  testimonies  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  cutting  was  done.  In  sectioning 
a stick  of  tough  wrood  the  workman,  with  a 
suitable  sharp  stone  flake  or  hafted  knife, 
pared  off  strips  by  scraping  pressure,  fol- 
lowing the  direction  of  the  grain,  until  a 
slender  spindle  was  left,  which  could  be 
easily  broken  without  slivering.  (Figs.  129, 
130,  Cat.  No.  246452,  U.S.N.M.)  In  most 

cases  a spindle  end 
L was  desired,  as  in 

pah  os  and  bows,  for 
example.  A well- 
finished  wooden 
pin,  the  shavings 


Fig.  129. — Example  of  sec- 
tioning wood  from  Tula- 
rosa Cave. 

left  at  the  upper  end 
and  compressed  by 
driving  the  pin,  is 
shown.  (Fig.  131, 

Cat.  No.  246453, 

U.S.N.M.)  In  short- 
grain,  brittle  wood 
like  juniper,  section- 
ing- was  done  by  saw- 
ing.  (Fig.  132,  a,  b, 

Cat.  No.  246453,  U.S.N.M.)  Short  cylinders  were 
made  by  scraping  as  described,  the  shavings  being 
later  removed  from  the  blunt  end ; the  stick  was 
then  reversed  and  the  same  process  followed  with 
regard  to  the  other  end,  the  splinters  and  rough- 
ness cut  away  with  a flint,  and  the  ends  rubbed 
smooth  on  coarse  stone.  (Figs.  133, 134, 135,  Cat. 

No.  246449,  U.S.N.M.)  In  what  appears  to  be  the 

bunt  head  for  a throwing  shaft,  such  as  are  de- 
scribed by  George  Pepper,  from  Pueblo  Bonito, 
the  spindle  end  remains.  (Fig.  136,  Cat.  No.  246449,  U.S.N.M.)  A 
small  block  (fig.  137  &,  &),  probably  a die  used  in  a game,  shows  ex- 


Fig.  130. — Example  of  sec- 
tioning wood  from  Tula- 
rosa Cave. 


I 


Fig.  131. — Wooden 
pin  from  Tula- 
rosa Cave. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


61 


Fig.  132.- 


Sawing  on  brittle  wood  from  Tula- 
rosa  Cave. 


tremely  neat  finish  and  has  been  split  from  its  fellow.  Reducing 
wood  to  thin  strips  by  splitting  was  apparently  not  practiced  at  the 
Tularosa  Cave,  but  the  offer- 
ings at  the  Bear  Creek  Cave, 
described  on  page  105,  show 
that  the  practice  was  com- 
mon among  the  worshippers 
there. 

Beyond  the  hafted  stone 
knives  or  dart  heads  (fig.  138, 

Cat.  No.  246537,  U.S.N.M., 

51  inches  long,  blade  1J 
inches  long)  no  formal  tools 
for  woodworking  are  found 
in  the  Tularosa  Cave,  but 
many  hand  spalls  of  chal- 
cedony and  basalt,  some  of 
which  are  chipped  along  one 

edge,  occur  in  the  debris.  A most  effective  knife-saw, 
oblong-oval  in  shape  with  one  straight  edge  serrated  or 

smooth,  is  common  over  a 
great  area  on  the  southern 
Arizona  mountain  slope. 
A specimen  in  the  collec- 
tion of  P.  G.  Gates,  found 
in  the  upper  waters  of  the 
Salt  River  in  the  San 
Carlos  Reserve,  was  bound 
up  with  a piece  of  wood 
which  the  saw  had  been 
used  in  cutting  and  deposited  with  a burial  in  a cave.  This  inter- 
esting specimen  corroborates  the  use  of  the  serrated  flake  as  a wood- 
working tool.  (See  figs.  28-33.) 

No  evidences  of  drilling  wood  were 
found  in  this  locality,  but  examples 


133.  134.  135. 

Figs.  133-135. — Cylindrical  blocks  from  Tula- 
rosa Cave. 


Fig.  136. — Bunt  head  for  throwdart 
from  Tularosa  Cave. 


Fig.  137. — Wooden  die  from 
Tularosa  Cave. 


are  noted  from  Blue  River.  Pretty  generally  fire-pointed  sticks 
occur  in  the  southern  caves,  but  have  no  special  significance,  as 


62 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


the  custom  of  fire  hardening  wood  is  well-nigh  universal.  Similarly, 
the  finishing  and  shaping  wood  by  means  of  coarse-grained  stone  is 
observed  here  and  stones  bearing  grooves  both  effecting  the  rubbing 
of  rods  and  formed  in  the  process  are  rela- 
tively frequent  (see  fig.  IT)  and  may  often  be 
seen  on  stones  in  places  near  habitations.  The 
grooved  stones  used  for  finishing  arrow  fore- 
shafts  or  other  slender  rods  are  simple  com- 
pared with  the  elaborated  specimens  from  the 
Gila  Valley.1 

There  is  shown  in  figure  139,  an  interest- 
ing specimen  worked  from  a stick  by  scraping 
and  finished  by  rubbing,  a process  of  forming 
wood  practiced  by  the  Hopi  who  frequently 
accomplish  the  work  by  attrition  with  gritty 
stone  alone.  This  is  the  head  portion  of  a long 
roundel  staff  and  is  painted  in  lively  colors  of 
red,  yellow,  green,  and  black. 

(Cat.  No.  4562,  U.S.N.M.,  cave 
near  Silver  City,  New  Mexico. 

Length,  11  inches;  diameter, 

| inch.)  A few  examples  of 
carving  in  wood  from  this 
region  may  be  seen  in  figures 
211  to  213.  They  are  remark- 
able instances  of  work  with 
stone  tools. 

Tools  of  wood  which  ex- 
plain some  of  the  methods  of 
wood  working  and  which  are 
also  interesting  as  implements 
were  found  in  greatest  num- 
Examples  of  these  are  shown 
on  plate  13 ; figure  1 is  a digging  stick,  one  end  of 
which  has  been  reduced  in  size  by  the  removal  of  a 
sliver,  sharpened  by  rubbing  on  a stone  and  pol- 
ished by  use.  It  is  20  inches  long  (Cat.  No.  246456, 

U.S.N.M.)  ; 2 is  a short  piece  of  split  wood  burnt 
at  one  end  and  probably  used  as  a fire  tender  (Cat. 

No.  246458,  U.S.N.M.)  ; 3 is  the  end  of  a wooden  im- 
plement very  smoothly  worn  (Cat.  No.  246458(2,  U.S.N.M.)  ; 4 is  a 
complete  digging  stick  ground  comparatively  thin  at  the  work- 


ft 


Fig.  138. — Stone  knife  or 

DART  HEAD  FROM  TULA- 

rosa  Cave. 

ber  in  Tularosa  cave. 


Fig.  139. — Roundel 
rod  from  Silver 
CitYj  New  Mex- 
ico. 


1 Two  Summers’  Work  in  Pueblo  Ruins,  22d  Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  p.  182. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  13 


Digging  Sticks  and  Fire-Sharpened  Wooden  Implements. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  62. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  14 


Worked  Wood  and  Bark  and  Basketry  Manikin. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  63 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


63 


ing  end,  the  knots  and  roughness  of  the  branch  being  planed  down 
by  rubbing  on  a stone,  as  in  other  specimens;  length,  28-J  inches  (Cat. 
No.  246456(2,  U.S.N.M.)  ; 5,  6,  and  7 are  digging  sticks  worn  down  by 
use  and  subsequently  employed  as  fire  tenders  or  other  temporary 
purposes.  Plate  14  contains  two  pieces  of  wood  working,  one  (fig.  1) 
a shovellike  implement  of  bark  and  the  other  (fig.  2)  a shell  of 
wood  from  a cottonwood  tree  showing  plainly  the  marks  of  a stone 


Fig.  140. — Examples  of  arrow  construction  from  Blue  River. 


excavating  tool  (Cat.  Nos.  246199,  246205,  U.S.N.M.),  lower  cave 
at  Johnson’s  Blue  Biver.  The  remaining  figures  are  fragments  of  a 
basketry  image  found  in  the  same  cave.  (Cat.  No.  246195,  U.S.N.M.) 

ARROW  MAKING. 

The  shafts  are  of  reed,  whose  only  preparation  was  the  smoothing 
of  the  joints  by  removal  of  slight  inequalities  on  the  leaf  scar.  The 


64 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


weak  reed  tube  offers  very  unstable  material  for  the  nock,  and  is 
liable  to  be  torn  by  the  recoil  or  pressure  of  the  bow  string.  This  was 
met  by  fitting  a rod  of  even  size  in  the  tube  (fig.  140  a , 6),  and  the 
rod  was  held  by  the  sinew  lashing  engaging  one  extremity  of  the 
feathering.  Frequently  an  extra  sinew  winding  was  applied  (fig. 
140  Cj  e) , which  constricted  the  arrow  and  gave  an  excellent  purchase 
for  the  fingers. 

The  feathering  is  usually  applied  near  the  nock  end,  as  in  <2,  5, 
and  d , but  sometimes  removed  further  up  the  shaft  as  in  c.  The 
feather  strips  are  not  glued  to  the  shaft,  and  appear  to  have  been 
sprung  or  bowed  in  the  specimens  on  which  the  feathering  has  sur- 
vived. A number  of  arrows  of  the  best  workmanship  show  that 
the  method  of  applying  the  feathering  was  first  to  bind  the  forward 
end  of  the  strips  under  the  sinew,  proceed  with  the  lower  sinew 

wrapping  for  a short  distance, 
then  bind  the  lower  end  of  the 
feathers  in  and  continue  the 
sinew  to  the  nock.  (Fig.  140  e.) 
The  sinew  was  applied  with  great 
neatness  and  skill. 

The  foreshafts  are  of  hard- 
wood, finished  with  remarkable 
care  and  exactness,  tapering  grad- 
ually from  the  line  of  junction 
with  the  shaft  to  the  point  and 
tapering  more  abruptly  to  the 
lower  end.  Three  types  of  inser- 
tion of  the  foreshaft  are  observed. 
In  the  first  (fig.  141,  a,  5),  it  is 
not  set  so  deeply,  and  the  crown 
of  the  bulge  occurs  a little  above  the  junction  with  the  shaft,  which 
therefore  shows  a slight  constriction  at  this  point.  The  sinew  bind- 
ing is  applied  close  below  the  junction  of  the  parts.  In  the  second 
(fig.  141  c,  d),  the  foreshaft  is  set  deeply,  and  a slight  swell  is  formed 
in  the  shaft.  The  sinew  encircles  the  shaft  some  distance  below  the 
insertion  of  the  foreshaft.  In  the  third  (fig.  141,  e , /),  the  foreshaft 
is  cut  away,  forming  a collar,  and  the  portion  to  be  inserted  in  the 
shaft  tapered  to  a rather  slender  spindle.  The  collar  is  gauged  to 
the  thickness  of  the  walls  of  the  reed,  and  when  the  parts  are  brought 
together  the  junction  is  perfect,  and  the  caliber  of  the  arrow  shaft 
and  foreshaft  equal,  the  sinew  wrapping  altering  it  very  little.  This 
joinery  is  surprisingly  neat,  accurate,  and  strong,  and  passes  the 
most  rigid  inspection.  The  work  would  excite  admiration  were  the 
finest  tools  for  its  execution  in  the  hands  of  the  artisan ; it  is  known, 


Fig.  141. — Examples  of  fitting  arrow 

FORESHAFTS  FROM  BLUE  RlVER. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


65 


however,  that  no  tools  worthy  of  the  name  were  available  to  the 
aboriginal  fieteher. 

The  setting  of  the  arrowpoint  was  accomplished  by  fixing  it  with 
sinew  in  the  notch  cut  at  the  end  of  the  foreshaft  (fig.  142  a,  &),  the 


Fig.  142. — Examples  of  setting  arrow  points  from  Blue  River. 


methods  being  commonly  to  throw  a figure  8 lashing  over  the  notches 
of  the  point  (fig.  142,  c,  d , 6,  y,  A,  i,  j)  and  sometimes  to  envelop  the 
tangs  in  the  sinew  wrapping  (fig.  142  /).  In  smooth  edge  triangular 
points  (fig.  142  j)  the  lashing  was  thrown  high  on  the  sides  to  et  a 
purchase  for  the  sinew. 

14278°— Bull.  87—14 6 


66 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


It  is  common  to  find  in  the  cave  debris  the  points  retaining  the 
sinew  lashing,  and  the  intention  probably  was  for  the  arrowhead  to 
stay  in  the  wound.  The  foreshaft  of  many  of  the  arrows  offered  in 
the  caves  were  not  nocked  for  the  arrow  point.  In  all  other  respects 
they  are  effective  arrows,  and  they  may  have 
been  used  without  the-  points  for  hunting  (fig. 
143  a).  One  specimen  (fig.  143  b)  has  a barb 
which  suggests  that  other  plain  foreshafts  may 
have  been  thus  equipped.  There  were  found  sev- 
eral bunt-head  arrows  (fig.  143  <?),  formed  by 
tying  bits  of  stick  to  the  extremity. 

The  arrows  from  this  region  are  all  decorated 
on  the  foreshaft  and  under  the  feathering  (fig. 
144),  and  on  the  limited  space  to  receive  orna- 
mentation the  arrow  maker  applied  designs  show- 
ing noteworthy  inventive  skill.  The  foreshaft  is 
usually  covered  with  a flat  tint 
of  red  ocher,  but  frequently 
the  color  is  laid  on  in  bands  of 
varying  width.  Sometimes  the 
sinew  bands  are  colored  red. 

The  feathering  area  is  painted 
with  bright  red  and  green  and 
patterned  with  spirals,  zigzags, 
lozenges,  and  other  designs  in 
black.  Micaceous  hematite, 
powdered  and  sprinkled  on  designs  in  the  moist 
medium,  formed  a striking  and  pleasing  decora- 
tion. Occasionally  designs  were  burnt  on  the  reed 
shaft.  The  specimens  illustrating  arrow  making 
are  from  Bear  Creek  Cave  and  other  sites  on  Blue 
River. 

FIRE-MAKING  IMPLEMENTS. 

Hearths  and  drills  from  various  localities  on  FlG- 144.— Decoration 

j > i t)  • -i  n 'j-j.CS  T)  i OF  ARROW  FROM 

Blue  River  and  irom  one  site  at  Spur  Ranch  are  Blue  River< 
shown  on  plate  15.  They  are  made  of  the  flower- 
ing stalk  of  the  yucca,  and  are  identical,  except  in  material,  with 
those  used  at  present  by  the  Southwestern  Indians.  On  the  right  of 
the  plate  is  a large  mass  of  decayed  wood  from  the  lower  cave  at 
Johnson’s,  Blue  River,  which  was  used  as  a slow-match.  (Cat.  No. 
246200,  U.S.N.M.) 

TEXTILES. 

In  point  of  usefulness  the  yucca  and  allied  plants  yield  to  no  other 
vegetation  of  the  region,  and  especially  as  primitive  tying  material 
their  value  was  very  great.  These  plants  satisfied  the  equation  on 


Fig.  143. — Plain,  bunt, 

AND  BARBED  ARROWS 

from  Blue  River. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  15 


Fire-Making  Apparatus  and  Slow  Wood. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  66. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


67 


the  textile  side  of  civilization,  being  adequate  to  all  uses  from  the 
strip  of  natural  leaf,  through  cord,  to  finished  fabrics.1 

KNOTS  IN  YUCCA  STRIPS. 

Innumerable  knots  tied  in  strips  of  yucca  and  cord  were  found  in 
the  Tularosa  and  Bear  Creek  caves.  They  are  simple,  and  no  exam- 
ples show  particular  inventiveness  in  the  joining  of  materials,  except 
the  ends  of  the 
carrying  bands. 

The  overhand  knot 
(fig.  145  a)  is  com- 
mon ; a knot  for 
securing  a strip 
around  a stick 
consists  of  the 
ordinary  knot 
formed  by  two 
half  hitches,  (fig. 

14  5 b.)  The 
square  knot  shown 
in  obverse  and  re- 
verse (fig.  145,  cyd) 
was  often  used, 
and  was  effective 
in  the  yucca  leaf, 
which  has  a tend- 
ency to  shear  un- 
less the  paren- 
chyma is  worked 
out  of  the  fiber. 

A similar  knot  is 
shown  at  6,  / (fig. 

145).  The  pack 
cord  knots  are 
very  interesting 
and  ingenious  and 
likewise  of  extraordinary  strength  (fig.  145  g,  h).  They  were 
formed  by  taking  two  leaves  of  yucca,  laying  them  butt  to 
point  one  over  the  other,  bending  up  the  end  of  one  and  securing 
it  with  a tie.  A wooden  toggle  was  placed  in  the  bend,  the  leaves 
pierced  above  the  peg  and  strong  cords  rove  through  and  around  the 
sections,  the  method  being  to  loop  the  cord  over  the  standing  part 
above  the  peg,  bring  the  ends  around  the  sides  and  draw  them 


1 The  Palm  and  Agave  as  Culture  Plants.  Compte  Rendu  du  Congrbs  International  des 
Americanistes,  XV  Sess.,  Quebec,  1906,  vol.  1,  p.  215-221. 


68 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


through  the  hole,  one  cord  above  and  one  below  the  horizontal  part 
of  the  loop.  (Fig.  145  g , A,  side  and  back  view.)  An  exceptionally 
strong  lashing  of  this  sort  (fig.  146  b)  is  made  with  braided  cord, 
the  under  leaf  is  braided  at  the  end,  and  the  thong  is  wound  about 
the  cord.  Another  lashing  is  made  with  a hank  of  untwisted  fiber 
secured  to  a yucca  leaf  bent  over  the  toggle.  (Fig.  146  c.)  The 
specimens  indicate  that  heavy  back  loads  were  carried  in  a carrying 
frame,  no  examples  of  which  have  survived,  but  a model  placed  in  the 
Bear  Creek  Cave  shrine  (see  fig.  318)  may  be  of  the  form  used  on  the 
Tularosa.  On  the  other  hand,  the  pack  may  have  been  merely  se- 
cured with  cord  or  smaller  burdens  held  fixed  in  a pouch  construction 

made  by  tying  yucca  strips  in  a manner  re- 
sembling network,  specimens  of  which  were 
found  both  on  the  Tularosa  and  Blue  B/ivers. 
True  network,  howTever,  appears  not  to  have 
been  known  by  the  peoples 
of  this  region. 

CORD. 

The  surprising  variety  of 
cord  found  in  the  debris  of 
this  cave  gives  an  idea  of 
the  comprehensive  value 
that  this  first  element  of 
the  textile  industry  had  to 
the  ancients  of  the  Tula- 
rosa. The  commonest  kind 
of  cord  here  is  a thick, 
very  linty,  two-strand,  not 
hard-twisted  cord,  which 
appears  to  be  of  shredded 
yucca  fiber.  It  is  gener- 
ally of  natural  color,  but 
is  sometimes  rubbed  red 

Fig.  146. — Lashings  of  yucca  strips  from  Tularosa  with  ocher,  and  was  used 

Cavb'  almost  exclusively  for  the 

application  of  feathers  (see  fig.  148),  the  cords  so  overlaid  being 
combined  to  form  garments,  etc.,  resembling  the  twisted  fur  strip 
blankets  of  the  Pueblos,  Utes,  Californian,  and  other  Indians. 

A second  variety  is  a very  strong,  clean  cord  made  from  yucca, 
dasylirion,  and  like  long,  wiry  fiber,  which  now  has  aged  to  yellow 
brown  and  dark  brown.  It  was  twisted  by  hand  and  used  for  bow- 
strings and  for  purposes  where  very  strong  cord  was  needed.  It  is 
sometimes  thick  like  small  rope  and  is  two-ply,  three-ply,  two-ply 
laid  up,  braided  and  sometimes  two  braids  laid  up  to  form  cord. 
Cord  of  this  character  was  most  useful. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


69 


Bark  cord,  apparently  of  walnut  or  natural  bark,  dyed,  was  made 
and  had  a limited  use  as  a bundle  to  be  placed  beneath  the  baby  in 
the  cradle. 

Cotton  cord  found  here  is  coarse  and  of  natural  color  or  rubbed 
with  red  ocher.  Cotton  cords  were  sometimes  formed  into  a braid  at 
the  corner  of  some  textiles.  Its  common  use  was  for  loin  bundles. 
(See  fig.  158.)  A few  specimens  of  sinew  cord  were  found,  one  well 
laid  up  with  a loop  ingeniously  formed  at  the  end.  Cord  made  from 
human  and  other  hair  is  comparatively  rare. 

COED-MAKING  SERIES  AND  PRODUCTS. 

Baw  material  for  fiber  was  furnished  by  several  species  of  yucca, 
several  of  dasylirion,  and  one  or  more  of  agave.  These  plants  are 
abundant,  and  no  doubt  the  supply  available  for  the  aboriginal  cord 
wainer  was  far  above  his  needs ; and  that  the  extracted  fiber  was  not 
regarded  as  of  much  value  is  shown  by  the  amount  of  it  in  various 
stages  of  elaboration  thrown  away  into  the  back  of  the  cave.  In 
most  cases  it  is  not  possible  to  ascertain  by  the  eye  the  particular 
plant  from  which  a given  mass  of  fiber  was  derived,  but  as  most  of 
the  natural  leaves  and  leaves  in  the  first  stages  of  fiber  extraction  are 
of  yucca,  it  is  presumed  that  this  plant  was  the  chief  source  of 
supply;  and  also,  it  produces  a very  good  fiber  in  greater  amount 
than  the  other  plants  mentioned.  Yucca  leaves  (fig.  147  a)  and  the 
central  spike  of  closely  wrapped  pale  leaves  were  common  in  the 
debris,  and  with  them  leaves  which  had  been  coarsely  shredded  by 
pounding  with  a stone.  (Fig.  147  b.)  A “quid”  (opened  out  for 
purposes  of  drawing)  containing  the  entire  mass  of  fiber  in  one  leaf, 
the  spine  end  of  which  has  not  been  reduced  to  fiber,  is  shown  at  c. 
These  “ quids,”  which  are  flattened  masses  of  roughly  circular  out- 
line, found  in  great  numbers  in  the  rubbish  of  dry-rock  shelters 
formerly  inhabited  or  connected  with  the  houses  of  the  ancient 
Pueblos  appear  to  have  been  formed  by  chewing,  but  there  is  some 
doubt  on  this  point,  as  the  chewing  of  the  dense  acrid  leaf  would 
seem  to  require  good  teeth  and  a powerful  resolution.  It  is  probable 
that  the  leaves  were  boiled,  pounded  in  a small  mortar,  and  dried, 
when  the  parenchyma  would  easily  fall  away  in  small  fragments 
and  dust  on  rubbing  the  fiber  between  the  palms.  The  Zuni,  Mrs. 
M.  C.  Stevenson  informs  me,  boil  the  yucca  leaf  to  extract  the  fiber. 
A specimen  of  the  cleaned,  straightened  fiber  and  a small  hank 
twisted  up  for  future  use  are  shown  at  d and  e.  Two-strand  (fig. 
147  / and  g)  ; two-strand,  two-ply  (fig.  147  h)  ; three-strand  (fig.  147 
i) ; and  four-strand  (fig.  147  j)  combine  the  varieties  of  yucca  fiber 
cord  observed,  except  a few  braided  specimens  (fig.  147),  the 


70  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

smoother,  long  fiber  cords,  which  were  twisted  by  hand,  being  em- 
ployed for  bowstrings.  Much  of  the  cord  was  spun  from  finely 
shredded  yucca  fiber  by  means  of  the  spindle  with  a disk  whorl  like 
those  used  by  the  Pueblos,  the  treatment  in  this  case  being  similar  to 
that  employed  with  cotton  or  other  short  fiber.  Spindle  whorls. 


Fig.  147. — Cord-making  series  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


while  not  common,  have  been  recovered  from  the  open-air  ruins  and 
caves  in  this  locality.  Cotton  and  bark  cord  is  of  common  occurrence 
in  the  Tularosa  and  Bear  Creek  caves,  but  no  data  survive  which 
allow  us  to  reconstruct  the  series  of  steps  used  in  their  manufacture. 
A few  fragments  of  sinew  cord  were  recovered. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


71 


From  the  frequent  occurrence  of  fragments  of  feathered  cord  in 
the  Tularosa  Cave  debris,  one  may  judge  that  its  use  was  quite  com- 
mon; only  one  whole  garment,  however,  was  recovered.  (See  fig. 
149.)  The  process  of  feathering  cord  was  to  strip  the  downy  piles 
of  the  turkey  (fig.  148  a , Cat.  No.  246649  U.S.N.M.),  and  wind  them 
spirally  around  a cord  of  fiber  (fig.  148  c;  at  b is  shown  the  strip  un- 
wound), crossing  the  larger  end  under  the  first  one  or  two  winds  and 
securing  the  smaller  end  under  the  beginning  of  the  next  winding. 
The  finished  cord  is  shown  in  figure  148  d.  Strips  of  fur  were  wound 
in  the  same  manner.  (Fig.  148  e.)  In  some  cases  pairs  of  strips  of 
fur  were  twisted  together,  forming  a cord,  and  these  cords  joined  by 
twining,  as  in  the  feathered  cord ; again,  one  strip  of  fur  was  twisted 
on  itself,  making  a neat  cord. 


e 

Fig.  148. — Feather  cord  making  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


In  using  very  fine  down  or  very  soft  hair  the  method  was  to  twist 
it  between  two-cord  strands  whose  grip  would  hold  the  material 
firmly.  Bits  of  tender  skin  of  mice,  etc.,  were  also  twisted  up  with 
the  strands  and  laid  up  into  cord.  Skin  strong  enough  was  twisted 
spirally,  forming  an  element  like  a cord,  which  was  made  into  a 
fabric  by  twining.  These  interesting  devices  by  which  fur  can  be 
worked  like  cords  admits  of  the  skins  of  small  mammals  becoming 
in  effect  one  skin,  but  more  flexible  and  perhaps  warmer  than  a 
bear  or  a buffalo  skin. 

Cords  of  fur  and  of  feathers  were  used  to  form  clothing,  blankets, 
pouches,  ornaments  for  parts  of  costumes,  for  necklaces,  and  probably 
for  waist  ornaments. 


72  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

A jacket,  Cat.  No.  246430,  U.S.N.M.  (fig.  149),  was  taken  from  a 
mummied  body,  which  was  recovered  at  a depth  of  7 feet  in  the  debris 
of  the  Tularosa  Cave.  It  is  made  up  of  thick  feathered  cord  (fig. 
149  a)  twined  together  in  the  same  fashion  as  the  rabbit  skin  or 
feather  robes  of  the  Pueblos,  Utes,  California  tribes,  and  other  In- 
dians of  the  West.  The  texture  of  the  garment  is  practically  formed 
of  one  cord  passed  to  and  fro  side  by  side  until  a wide  band  of  proper 
length  to  girt  the  body  was  formed,  and  the  twining  string,  which 
is  in  some  cases  dark  blue,  inclosed  the  upper  series  of  loops,  which 


Fig.  149. — Feather  jacket  from  Tularosa  Caye. 


were  twined  flatwise,  forming  an  ornamental  border.  A belt  of  dog’s 
hair  (see  fig.  150)  held  the  jacket  in  place,  and  a loin  band  consist- 
ing of  a hank  of  cords  dyed  pink  with  juice  of<  some  fruit  passes  be- 
tween the  limbs  and  is  supported  on  a cord  which  goes  through  the 
loop  end  and  around  the  waist.  The  method  of  wearing  the  garment 
is  shown  in  this  figure.  The  jacket  reminds  one  of  the  rod-armor 
jackets  which  were  used  extensively  among  the  American  Indians, 
and  possibly  the  idea”  of  protection  against  arrow  wounds,  as  well  as 
the  requirements  of  personal  comfort  may  have  been  connected  with 
its  use.  It  is  a matter  of  great  interest  and  importance  to  be  able 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


73 


to  recover  from  oblivion  the  vestiture  of  an  ancient  Pueblo  tribe,  espe- 
cially since  in  the  vast  majority  of  instances  no  relics  of  this  char- 
acter have  been  preserved. 

WEAVING  TOOLS. 

No  weaving  tools  or  devices  have  been  recovered  from  the  caves 
explored,  which  leaves  the  method  of  weaving  to  conjecture;  but 
there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  art 
was  other  than  in  a primitive  stage  as  to 
tools  and  mechanical  aids,  thus  depending 
entirely  on  skill  of  hands,  as  in  the  simple 
weaving  apparatus  of  the  Chilkat  Indians 
of  Canada.  The  heddle,  which  admits  of 
throwing  a shed  and  simplifies  and  expe- 
dites weaving,  seems  to  have  been  unknown 
in  North  America  prior  to  its  introduction 
among  the  Pueblos  through  the  Spaniards, 
but  was  known  in  Mexico  and  in  the  cul- 
tured countries  of  Central  and  South 
America.  The  Navaho  received  their  hed- 
dle from  the  Pueblos,  and  to  this  day  do 
not  make  full  use  of  it,  but  raise  groups 
of  warp  threads  by  means  of  the  sword- 
batten,  and  never  on  any  occasion  throw 
the  shuttle  the  whole  breadth  of  the  warp, 
even  when  stripes  are  being  woven.  The 
complete  heddle  lifts  are  known  only  to 
the  Pueblo  Indians. 

Spindle  whorls,  consisting  of  a flat  disk  worked  from  thin  layers 
of  stone  or  from  fragments  of  baked  pottery,  are  the  type  found  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  Pueblo  region,  and  the  ancient  whorls  differ 
in  no  respect  from  the  modern  Pueblo  specimens 
except  that  the  latter  are  made  of  hardwood  and 
horn,  and  only  occasionally  does  one  of  stone  occur. 
„ In  the  portion  of  the  Pueblo  region  nearest  Mexico 

whorl  from  Camp  are  found  lenticular  whorls  of  pottery  deeper  below 
Verde.  a median  horizontal  line,  like  the  body  of  a top,  and 

nearest  in  form  to  the  ancient  whorls  of  Mexico. 

One  of  these  lentiform  whorls  was  found  in  the  cavate  lodges  near 
Camp  Verde,  Arizona,  by  Victor  Mindeleff.  It  is  of  coarse  brown 
ware,  but  the  upper  surface  is  somewhat  smoothed.  The  hole  for  the 
spindle  is  \ inch  in  diameter.  The  whorl  measures  inches  in 
diameter  and  f inch  thick.  (Fig.  151.) 


CORDS  FROM  TULAROSA  CAVE. 


74 


BULLETIN  81,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Fig.  152. — Spindle 

WHORL  PROM  NEAR 

Phoenix,  Arizona. 


Fig.  153. — Spindle  whorl  prom 
Pueblo  Viejo  Valley,  Upper 
Gila. 


Another  from  adobe  ruins,  4J  miles  east  of  Phoenix,  Arizona, 
collected  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  is  of  light-brown  pottery  having 
a smooth  surface.  It  is  If  inches  in  diameter  and 
f inch  thick,  the  spindle  hole  f inch  in  diameter. 
(Cat,  No.  98007,  U.S.N.M.,  fig.  152.) 

The  specimens  found  with  the  whorl  consist  of 
shell  ornaments  and  a hardwood  paddle-shaped 
implement, 

A crude  large  spindle  whorl  of  light  yellow  tuff 
2J  inches  thick,  pierced  with  a hole  f inch  in  diameter,  was  found 
by  J.  H.  Carlton  in  the  Pueblo  Viejo  Valley,  Upper  Gila  River,  Gra- 
ham County,  Arizona.  (Cat.  No.  98633, 

U.S.N.M.,  fig.  153.) 

Pottery  spindle  whorls  are  also  found 
in  the  region  south  of  the  headwaters 
of  the  Gila,  one  in  the  Museum  coming 
from  Solomonsville,  Graham  County, 

Arizona,  collected  by  Dr.  J.  Walter 
Fewkes  (Cat.  No.  177552,  U.S.N.M.,  fig. 

154),  If  inches  in  diameter,  hole  inch. 

They  are  usually  smaller  than  like  whorls  from  the  North,  indicating 
the  spinning  of  finer  thread. 

Fine  thread  was  produced  by  the  spinners  of 
this  region  and  specimens  are  of  somewhat  fre- 
quent occurrence.  It  was  made  up  in  hanks  and 
undyed.  One  of  these  hanks  was  found  by  Charles 
Solomon  on  Bonita  Creek,  near 
Solomonsville,  Arizona.  It  was 
laid  over  in  strands  26  inches  to 
the  turn;  the  yarn  is  about  the 
number  of  small  cotton  parcel 
cord.  Much  of  the  yarn  owes  its 
preservation  to  charring  in  the 
house  ruins,  and  we  are  thus  enabled  to  say  that 
thread  of  the  fineness  of  No.  12  cotton  was  made. 

Specimens  of  six-strand  cord  of  yucca  fiber  over 
which  are  wound  two  cords  of  different  color,  the 
method  being  to  serve  each  color  alternately,  pass- 
ing the  cord  not  needed  underneath,  were  found 
in  Bear  Creek  Cave.  (Fig.  155,  <2,  6.)  The  result 
imitates  a strand  of  beads,  which  was  evidently 
the  idea  in  the  mind  of  the  man  who  placed  the 
cord  around  a large  reed  cigarette  as  an  offering. 

A ball  of  yucca  fiber  cord  (fig.  156,  method  of  wrapping  shown 
at  a ),  formed  by  carefully  winding  the  cord  on  a cylindrical  object, 


Fig.  154. — Spindle 
whorl  pro  M 
Solomonsville, 
Arizona. 


Fig.  155. — Wound 
cord  from  Bear 
Creek  Cave. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


75 


Fig.  156. — Ball  or  copp  of  yucca 
cord  from  Bear  Creek  Caye. 


was  collected  at  Bear  Creek  Cave.  The  ball  appears  to  have  been 
dipped  in  some  viscid  substance  at  the  time  it  was  made,  in  order 
to  hold  it  in  shape.  The  ball  may  have 
been  wound  on  a prayer-stick,  or  rounded 
rod,  or  on  the  extremity  of  a bow  to  hold 
the  string  in  place  as  observed  on  the 
nockless  bows  of  the  East  In- 
dies and  Africa.  The  orifice 
in  the  ball  is  slightly  unsym- 
metrical  and  accords  with 

the  section  of  the  simple  pointed  bows  of  this  region. 

BRAIDING. 

A primitive  textile  in  the  form  of  a braid  of 
yucca  was  found  in  a cave  on  Eagle  Creek  north 
of  Morenci,  Arizona,  near  White  Mountain  Apache 
Reserve  line  by  Bryan  D.  Horton.  (Cat.  No.  2151, 
U.S.N.M.)  It  is  neatly  braided  from  six  strips 
of  yucca  leaf  (fig.  157)  and  was  evidently  thrown 
away  before  completion.  It  was  probably  in- 
tended to  form  a portion  of  the  carrying  band.  Braiding  in  all 
varieties  was  known  by  the  inhabitants  of  this  region. 


Fig.  157. — Braid  of 

YUCCA  FROM  EAGLE 

Creek. 


Fig.  158. — Braided  sash  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


A sash  (Cat.  No.  246430,  U.S.N.M.)  girded  the  loins  of  a mummy 
buried  in  the  debris  of  the  Tularosa  Cave  and  held  the  jacket  of 
feather  cords  to  the  body.  (Figs.  149,  150.)  The  material  is  well- 


76  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

spun  cord  of  white  dog  hair  worked  in  a flat  braid  of  26  strands, 
the  ends  divided  into  three  masses  and  braided  round,  the  outside 
bundles  knotted  just  above  the  commencement  of  the  round  braiding. 
(Fig.  158,  ( a ) entire  belt,  (5)  detail  of  end,  (c)  10-strand  cord,  ( d ) 
braid  of  18  strands,  ( e ) 8-strand  cord.) 

An  ornamental  fringe  was  collected  in  Bear  Creek  Cave,  Blue 
River,  Arizona.  It  consists  of  a square  braid  cord  of  8 strands  (fig. 
159  a) , over  which  is  slipped  a ring  formed  by  winding  cord  around 
a core  of  fiber.  (Fig.  159  6,  c.)  The  ring  is  allowed  some  play,  but 
is  prevented  from  slipping  back  on  the  square  braid  by  binding  with 
fiber  the  two  loose  ends  of  the  wrapping  cord.  The  strands  of  the 
braid  are  formed  into  a ball  at  the  end  after  the  ring  is  slipped  on. 
(Fig.  159  d.)  A number  of  these  finely  made  objects  were  found  in 
a shrine,  but  they  had  been  burnt  away  from  their  attachment.  They 
probably  formed  the  fringe  of  a sacred  sash  like  those  of  the  Zuni 
and  Hopi  which  have  a fringe  of  almost  identical  construction  but 

much  coarser  than  the 
specimen  described. 

WOVEN  TEXTILES. 

The  fragmentary  re- 
mains of  ancient  orna- 
mented textiles  which  oc- 
casionally come  to  light 
give  an  idea  of  the  quality 
Fig.  159. — Braided  fringe  from  Bear  Creek  Cave,  of  the  fabrics  that  have 

perished.  One  mantle  of 
superb  color  and  design  found  in  a Grand  Gulch  cliff  dwelling  of 
the  Mesa  Verde  and  belonging  to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  of  New  York  shows  the  great  taste  and  skill  of  the  ancient 
dyers  and  weavers.  The  Zuni  in  1540  had  weavings  that  excited 
the  admiration  of  Europeans.  Witness  the  consignment  by  Cor- 
onado of  various  articles  to  Mendoza,  one  of  which  is  a garment  of 
such  remarkable  workmanship  that  he  takes  pains  to  impress  upon 
his  patron  that  it  was  not  made  with  a needle.1  It  appears  prob- 
able that  the  garment  was  of  the  fine  fabric  decorated  with  open- 
work pattern  of  which  only  fragments  have  been  figured  in  this 
monograph,  found  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  in  Casa  Grande,  where 
it  was  preserved  by  charring.  (See  fig.  168.) 

A.  F.  Bandelier  first  called  attention  to  this  remarkable  textile  and 
described  it  as  drawnwork.  The  fabric  is  of  such  a character  as  to 
impress  those  who  have  found  it  with  a feeling  of  surprise  at  its 
technic  and  quality  of  ornamentation,  which  would  seem  to  be  beyond 


1 Tlie  Coronado  Expedition.  14th  Ann.  Kept.  Bur.  Ethnol.,  Pt.  1,  p.  562* 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


77 


Fig.  160. — Ornamented  cloth  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


the  ability  of  the  ancient  tribes,  so  far  as  their  culture  is  declared  by 
the  relics  recovered  from  the  ruins. 

This  weaving,  however,  is  very  simple  and  is  not  more  difficult 
than  basket  work,  neither  did  it  require  instrumental  aid  beyond  a 
rude  frame.  The 
weaving  is  like  the 
early  Italian  bu- 
ratto  work. 

Scattered  through- 
out the  debris  of 
the  Bear  Creek 
Cave  small  squares 
of  cloth  with  a cir- 
cular opening  in  the 
center,  apparently 
finished  in  button- 
hole stitch,  were 
somewhat  fre- 
quently  encoun- 
tered, but  only  one 
fragment  of  this 
cloth  from  which  the  squares  mentioned  had  not  broken  away  was 
found.  (Fig.  160,  Cat.  No.  246123  a , U.S.N.M.)  This  fragment 
resembles  that  shown  in  figure  161  (Cat.  No.  246123  &,  U.S.N.M.) , 
but  the  openings  are  worked  with  12  instead  of  6 threads  (fig.  160  6), 
and  the  winding  is  tighter  on  the  roundels  (fig.  160  c).  The  at- 
tachment of  the  warp  threads  to  the  edging  cords  is  shown  at  a 

(fig.  160),  and  a scheme  of  the  pattern  at  d. 
It  appears  that  this  variety  of  openwork 
cloth  was  more  common  with  the  devotees  of 
the  Bear  Creek  shrine  than  other  textiles. 
The  cloth  was  perishable,  however,  because 
it  was  closely  woven,  giving  it  a tendency  to 
crack  and  disintegrate  from  age. 

In  a weaving  of  cotton  cord  (Cat.  No. 
246123&,  U.S.N.M.,  fig.  161,  Bear  Creek 
Cave)  the  pattern  consists  of  a series  of  cir- 
cular openings  formed  by  the  same  methods 
employed  in  the  fabric  described  under 
126123  «,  Cat.  No.  U.S.N.M.  The  fragment  shows  also  a modifica- 
tion of  the  design  made  up  of  triangles,  probably  a double  symbol 
of  birds.  (See  squares  on  serpent  effigy  vase,  p.  46.) 

A fragment  of  texture  of  small  white  cotton  thread  in  plain  weav- 
ing (Cat.  No.  246123c,  U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek  Cave)  has  an  orna- 
mentation consisting  of  a row  of  openings  formed  by  gathering  4 


Fig.  161. — Ornamented  cloth 
from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


78 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


triangles 
square 
162  a.) 
construc- 


warp  threads  and  winding  the  fourth  thread  around  the  other  three, 
bringing  it  down  into  its  proper  place  in  the  warp  below  (fig. 

162  5,  with  diagram  of 
spiral).  After  an  inter- 
val of  plain  weaving 
there  begins  a design 
made  up  of  a frame  of 
superimposed 
surrounding 
cross.  (Fig. 

The  vertical 
tions  of  the 
this  pattern  are  formed 
as  described  above,  the 
horizontal  as  in  figure 
162  <?,  where  the  lower 
member  of  the  quartet 
of  cords  is  wound  spi- 
rally around  the  other 
three,  returning  again  to  place.  The  openings  in  the  cross  are 
woven  as  in  figure  162  <$,  where  two  pairs  of  cords  are  given  a twist. 

It  appears  from  this  work  that  the  threads  which  may  be  termed 
the  “ warp  ” are  either  hung  free  from  the  loom  beam,  as  in  the 


warp 


m 


Fig.  162. — Ornamented  cloth  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


Fig.  168. — Ornamented  cloth  from  Casa  Grande. 

Chilkat  method,  or  if  stretched  the  individual  cords  were  detached 
from  the  lower  beam,  used,  and  secured  again. 

The  largest  fragment  of  ancient  ornamented  cloth  was  found  by 
Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  in  the  ruins  of  Casa  Grande  (Cat.  No.  252105, 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OE  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


79 


U.S.N.M.)  (fig.  163),  and  the  specimen  owes  its  preservation  to  the 
fact  that  it  was  carbonized.  With  the  ornamented  cloth  was  found  a 
large  piece  of  plain  fabric,  not  so  fine  in  texture,  of  which  the  former 


Pig.  164. — Detail  of  pattern  of  ornamented  cloth  from  Casa  Grande. 


was  probably  the  border,  but  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  say  what  the 
original  garment  was  when  it  was  entire,  though  one  may  conjecture 
that  it  was  a huipil.  This  important  relic,  which  is  shown  in  figure 
163,  is  very  fragile,  but  it  preserves  evi- 
dence of  esthetic  taste  in  the  use  of  beauti- 
ful symbols,  shows  skill  in  weaving,  and 
perhaps  connects  the  finer  fabrics  of  ancient 
Mexico  with  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Pueblo  region.  It  will  be  seen  (fig.  164) 
that  the  detail  of  weaving  is  like  that  of 
the  Bear  Creek  specimens.  The  central  field 
of  the  pattern  unit,  which  is  evidently  the 
familiar  interlocking  fret  identical  with 
the  same  motive  expressed  in  curves  instead 
of  straight  lines,  is  overlaid  with  threads, 
giving  the  fret  a slight  relief. 

Another  example  of  weaving  is  seen  in 
figure  165  (Cat.  No.  232152  a,  U.S.N.M., 

Bear  Creek  Cave),  which  shows  at  a the  in- 
troduction of  two-weft  threads,  probably  marking  the  middle  of  this 
band  of  openwork.  The  fragment  is  of  brown  thread  somewhat 
coarser  than  is  usual  in  these  fabrics,  and  appears  to  be  of  cotton 
dyed  with  a vegetal  substance. 


Fig.  165. — Ornamented  cloth 
from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


80 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Fig.  166. — Ornamented  cloth  from  Bear  Creek  Cav] 


Cat.  No.  252153,  U.S.N.M.,  is  a fragment  of  openwork  cloth  from 
Bear  Creek  Cave,  Blue  Biver,  Arizona.  The  work  starts  with  a band 
of  plain  weaving  and  at  intervals  (fig.  166  a)  alternate  warp  threads, 
enough  to  leave  three  or  more  spaces,  go  back  to  the  edge.  Across 

the  warp  threads  pairs 
of  weft  threads  are  car- 
ried as  in  twined  weav- 
ing, leaving  rectangular 
spaces.  (Fig.  166.)  The 
warp  is  secured  to  two 
intertwisted  cords  which 
form  a round  edge.  The 
fragment  shows  an  in- 
teresting diversity  of 
pattern  produced  by  the 
simple  means  employed 
in  its  manufacture. 

A complete  square  of  this  cloth  has  been  examined  by  the  writer 
since  the  completion  of  this  report.  It  is  the  property  of  Miss  Mary 
Tuttle,  of  Clifton,  Arizona,  and  was  found  in  a cave  near  Solomons- 
ville,  Arizona.  The  specimen  is  an  apron  and  measures  5 \ by  6 inches. 

There  is  shown  in  figure  167  (Cat.  No. 

262721,  U.S.N.M.)  a joint  of  reed  filled  with 
herbs,  thousands  of  which  are  found,  but 
rarely  encircled  with  a woven  cincture  as  in 
this  example.  The  cincture  consists  of  a care- 
fully woven  band  of  white  cotton,  having  at 
the  ends  three  cords  for  wrapping  the  band 
securely  around  the  cane.  This  cincture 
stands  for  the  girdle  worn  by  those  who 
offered  the  cigarette  and  may  point  to  the 
character  of  this  portion  of  the  costume  of 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  this  region.  The 
specimen  was  collected  from  a cave  near 
Phoenix,  Arizona,  by  F.  E.  Cooley. 

A remarkable  specimen  consisting  of  a 
woven  band,  a,  figure  168  (Cat.  No.  156276, 

U.S.N.M.)  was  found  in  a cave  in  the  Red 
Rock  country  south  of  Flagstaff,  Arizona,  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes. 
The  ground  work  is  plain  weaving,  and  by  the  handling  of  the  weft 
threads,  as  in  ~b  (fig.  168),  openings  of  various  lengths  are  left,  pro- 
ducing the  pattern.  The  warp,  which  is  of  coarse  cord,  was  stretched 
between  two  rods,  as  in  c (fig.  168),  and  the  weft  worked  in  with  the 


Fig.  167. — Sacred  c i g a - 

RETTE  WITH  WOVEN  SASH 

from  Phoenix. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OE  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


81 


fingers,  the  resultant  fabric  resembling  basketry.  A number  of  the 


middle  loops  at  the  ends  were  woven 
attachment  of  cords  to  the  band. 
The  pattern,  which  is  shown  en- 
tire in  the  chief  figure  and  in  de- 
tail in  figure  169,  is  of  the  highest 
order  of  design  and  taste.  It  re- 
sembles the  patterns  pressed  in 
the  ridges  of  clay  on  the  coiled 
pottery  (fig.  2,  pi.  7)  of  the  re- 
gion of  Gila  culture.  The  speci- 
men appears  to  be  a forehead 
band  and  may  have  been  attached 
to  a cradle. 

Another  curious  woven  fabric 
(fig.  170)  from  a cave  in  the 
Bed  Bock  country,  Arizona,  was 
collected  by  Dr.  J.  Walker 
Fewkes.  (Cat.  No.  156275, 


over  to  form  a strong  loop  for  the 


_ Fig.  168. 


Ornamented  woven  band  prom 
Red  Rock. 


U.S.N.M.)  The  fabric  is  rep 
resented  by  a fragment  of  prob- 
ably a loin  cloth  or  sandal  and  is  composed  of  a weft  of  bundled 
cords  or  strips  of  native  cloth  interwoven  with  cord,  and  the 


Fig.  169. — Pattern  of  woven  band  from  Red  Rock. 


cloth  is  in  effect  rag  carpet.  This  type  of  weaving  is  very  rare, 
and,  so  far  as  observed,  confined  to  this  locality.  It  has,  how- 
142780— Bull.  87—14 7 


82 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Fig.  170. — Woven  fabric  band  from  Red  Rock. 


ever,  a relationship  to  the  fur  and  feather  cord  textile  and  to  coiled 
basketry. 

A remarkable  band  of  textile  (fig.  171)  was  found  wrapped  around 

a paho  offered  in  a 
shrine  at  Bear  Creek 
Cave.  (Cat.  No. 
246020,  U.S.KM.) 
It  consists  of  a series 
of  graduated  loops  in 
four  sets  of  three  each, 
knotted  in  a continu- 
ous cord  and  a similar 
series  of  uniform  loops 
worked  into  the  bases  of  the  first  series.  The  graduated  loops 
run  from  right  to  left  alternately,  making  triangular  areas  and 
and  the  even  loops  border  two 
sides  of  the  triangles,  running  thus 
zigzag  across  the  band.  A bind- 
ing cord  is  run  along  the  margin 
and  knotted  into  the  fabric  at 
the  apex  of  the  triangles.  The 
beginning  loops  are  shown  at  a 
gathered  on  a cord  which  forms 
the  end  of  the  band ; the  sec- 
ond series  of  loops  is  shown  at  b; 
the  knot  is  shown  in  front  at  c; 
in  reverse  at  d and  opened  at  e;  a 
portion  of  the  band  in  detail  is 
shown  at  //  the  edge  cord  at 
g , h;  the  band  unwrapped  from 
the  paho  at  i;  and  the  specimen 
as  found  at  j.  The  cords  are  yel- 
low and  dark  brown  in  color. 

Length  of  stick,  5 inches;  diam- 
eter, f inch;  width  of  band,  1| 
inches. 

Cloth  from  the  Tularosa  cave 
is  of  several  varieties,  the  com- 
monest being  a coarse  brown  fiber 
textile  resembling  burlap  made  of 
shredded  yucca  fiber  or  willow 
bark.  It  is  found  in  connection 
with  sandals  and  was  worn  as  insole  and  wrap-stocking.  Some  pieces 
of  this  cloth  are  woven  of  rather  well-dressed  cord  and,  though  coarse, 


Fig.  171. — Knot-work  band  from  Bear 
Creek  Cave. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


83 


are  of  comparatively  even  texture.  Coarse  cotton  of  brown  and 
earth  color  is  found  in  the  form  of  strips  in  the  debris,  and  was 
used  apparently  for  tying  on  parts  of  the  costume.  Sometimes  the 
cotton  is  dyed  dark  brown.  Only  one  fragment  showing  an  attempt 
at  textile  ornament  was  observed,  and  that  simply  by  alternating 
dark  brown  with  natural  color  threads. 

DYES  ON  CORDS. 

A very  interesting  feature  of  the  collection  of  textiles  is  the  evi- 
dence of  the  use  of  dyes  and  other  methods  of  coloring  cord  and  cloth. 
The  study  of  the  technology  of  the  specimens  was  carried  out  by 
Wirt  Tassin  of  the  National  Museum,  and  his  results  may  be  summar- 
ized as  follows: 

The  materials  are  vegetal  fiber  in  the  main,  with  one  or  two  speci- 
mens containing  buffalo  and  mountain  goat  hair.  The  colors  were 
applied  by  the  crude  method  of  rubbing 
in  ochers  and  earths  practiced  by  many 
of  the  present  Indian  tribes;  by  dip- 
ping the  yarn  or  cloth  in  a vegetal 
colored  solution,  technically  known  as  a 
vat  color;  in  some  cases  the  fiber  shows 
a mordanted  color,  the  fixing  substance 
not  known,  except  in  some  specimens 
mordanted  with  iron  tannate.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  cord  may  have  been 
blackened  with  iron  tannate  by  burial  in 
mud,  an  art  applied  to  basket  materials 
among  many  tribes.  The  colors  repre- 
sented are  reds,  browns,  blue,  and  pur- 
ple, a greater  variety  and  better  dyes  occurring  in  the  specimens  from 
Bear  Creek  Cave.  The  blue  shades  vary  from  dark  to  light,  one 
specimen  (Cat.  No.  246045,  U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek)  tested  reacting 
for  indigo,  probably  of  the  Indigofera  anil  common  in  Mexico.  The 
purple  occurring  on  a loin  cord  bunch  from  a mummy  in  the  Tula- 
rosa  Cave  resembles  a color  produced  by  rubbing  the  cords  with  the 
juice  of  prickly-pear  fruit. 

SANDALS. 

A variety  of  sandals  was  found  in  Tularosa  Cave,  New  Mexico. 
The  simplest  of  these  is  made  of  yucca  leaf  strips,  four  in  number, 
bent  in  half,  forming  eight  elements,  and  braided.  (Fig.  172  a,  Cat. 
No.  246762,  U.S.N.M.)  The  braid  is  made  longer  than  the  foot,  the 
surplus  being  turned  back,  forming  a reenforcement  for  the  heel,  and 
this  flap  is  held  in  place  by  the  loop  going  over  the  instep.  This  loop 
is  formed  by  a strip  slipped  under  a braid  strip  on  either  side  of  the 


Fig.  172. — Sandal  from  Tularosa 
Cave. 


84 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


sandal,  is  knotted  to  the  toe  loop,  and  to  it  is  attached  also  the  heel 
support.  (Fig.  172  b.)  This  style  of  sandal  was  most  numerous  in 
the  cave  debris. 

The  material  employed  in  making  a sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave, 
New  Mexico,  is  yucca  leaf  torn  into  wide  strips  and  laced  over  a 


coarse,  twisted  cord  of  the  same 
leaf.  (Fig.  173  b , Cat.  No.  246688, 
U.S.N.M.)  At  the  narrower  or 
heel  portion  the  strip  seems  to  pass 


Fig.  173. — Sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


Fig.  174. — Sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


over  and  back  several  times;  in  the  broader  portion  the  strips  pass 
over  once  and  the  ends  stick  out  below  alternately.  The  upper  side 
(fig.  173  a)  is  furnished  with  the  cord  which  held  the  sandal  to  the 
foot.  This  cord  is  fastened  to  the  cord  woven  into  the  sandal  near  the 

heel  and  at  the  toe, 
forming  a figure  8. 
The  heel  support  is 
separate  and  is  looped 
around  the  standing 
part  of  the  cord. 

Woven  sandals 
were  made  of  well- 
finished  yucca  - fiber 
cord,  the  method  be- 
ing to  prepare  a 
four-strand  weft  by 
bending  two  cords 
and  securing  the 
ends,  and  on  the  weft 
the  cord  woof  was  woven  as  in  a (fig.  174, Cat.  No.  246702, U.S.N.M.). 
The  bunched  ends  of  the  weft  projected  as  a trail,  a feature  that  is  fa- 
miliar in  the  leather  moccasin.  The  neatness  of  the  finish  of  the  sandal 
(fig.  174  b)  and  the  evidence  of  taste  in  its  outlines  speak  well  of  the  art 
of  the  sandal  maker.  The  style  of  sandal  shown  was  worn  by  women. 


a,  b 

Fig.  175. — Sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OE  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


85 


Another  variety  of  woven  sandal  has  a thick  sole  (fig.  175  <2,  Cal. 
No.  246692,  U.S.N.M.)  made  of  yucca-fiber  cord  woven  over  12  warp 
threads  and  strengthened  with  an  extra  reenforcement  of  thick  cord 
at  the  heel  and  where  the  ball  of  the  foot  rests.  The  side  loops  are 
of  heavy  cord  passing  through  the  thickened  border,  and  to  these 
loops  are  tied  the  cords  which  extend  over  the  foot  as  a lacing.  The 
construction  of  the  sandal  may  be  seen  more  clearly  at  b (fig.  175). 

A specimen  from  Tularosa  Cave  is  the  most  complete  example  of 
highly  specialized  footwear  found  in  America.  It  is  really  a mocca- 
sin and  is  the  nearest  approach  to  that  form  of  shoe  attained  by  the 
sandal-wearing  peoples.  The  resemblance  of  this  shoe  to  the  speci- 
men described  under  fig- 
ure 175  will  be  seen,  but 
the  latter  stands  one  de- 
gree lower  in  scale  of  in- 
vention. The  shoe  (fig. 

176  a,  Cat.  No.  246665, 

U.S.N.M.)  consists  of  a 
woven  sandal  sole, 
around  the  sides  of  which 
loops  are  formed  by  rov- 
ing in  a strong  fiber  cord 
at  the  edge.  The  upper 
part  of  the  shoe  is  se- 
cured at  the  toe,  formed 
around  the  ankle,  and 
passes  along  the  sides  of 
the  foot.  It  is  held  in 
place  by  a lashing  cord 
running  through  the 
loops  and  over  the  foot. 

(Fig.  176  b.)  A feather 
cord  passes  through  loops 
near  the  heel  and  around 
the  ankle,  helping  to 
hold  the  shoe  firmly  to  the  foot.  The  structure  of  the  shoe  is  shown 
diagrammatically  at  c.  The  shoe  is  stuffed  with  shredded  grass. 
This  remarkable  shoe  holds  its  shape  perfectly  and  is  warm  and 
comfortable,  the  feather  cord  also  being  ornamental. 

Another  specimen  of  extraordinary  footwear  consists  primarily  of  a 
heavy  sandal  woven  of  yucca  fiber  and  furnished  with  loops  on  the  sides 
and  at  the  heel.  (Fig.  177  a,  Cat.  No.  246663,  U.S.N.M.)  Attached 
at  the  toe  is  a broad  flap  of  wickerwork  of  brown  fiber  designed  to 
cover  the  front  portion  of  the  foot.  With  the  sandal  was  worn  a 
heavy  insole  woven  of  strips  of  yucca  leaf  and  padded  with  shredded 


Fig.  176. — Shoe-sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


86 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


fiber,  which  is  held  in  place  by  a turned-over  edge  of  the  weaving 
and  by  yucca  thongs.  (Fig.  177  l.)  The  assemblage  of  the  various 
parts  of  this  shoe  is  shown  at  c9  and  it  was  secured  to  the  foot  with 
a cord  rove  through  the  loops  at  the  sides  passing  to  and  fro  across 
the  instep  and  around  the  ankle,  as  shown  in  figure  175.  This  shoe- 
sandal,  together  with  the  foot  wrapping  of  coarse- woven  cloth,  would 
be  ample  foot  protection  during  the  heavy  snows  and  low  temperature 

of  the  winter  at  the 
altitude  of  the  Tula- 
rosa Cave. 

HAIR. 

The  use  of  hair  in 
textile  work  was  not 
common,  though  cords 
of  human  and  buffalo 
hair  are  sometimes 
found  and  were  used  in 
connection  with  the 
costume  or  for  tying 
purposes.  The  only 
weaving  in  which  hair 
was  used  was  a small 
pouchlike  object  woven 
of  dog’s  hair  found 
wrapped  up  with  a 
small  mummy.  A 
bundle  of  human  hair 
carefully  tied  up  and 
resembling  somewhat  a 
brush  was  discovered 
in  Bear  Creek  Cave. 
The  binding  material  is  bow  string,  and  it  is  supposed  to  have  been 
an  offering.  Another  curious  object  which  appears  to  be  a hair  form 
comes  from  the  Tularosa  Cave.  It  consists  of  a mass  of  hair  cord 
wound  on  a section  of  yucca  leaf  5§  inches  long.  (Cat.  No.  246447, 
U.S.N.M.) 

LEATHER  WORK. 

The  Tularosa  people  knew  how  to  tan  or  soften  skins,  and  many 
fragments  of  such  leather  are  found  in  the  cave.  Thongs  of  leather 
were  rarely  used.  F ragments  of  leather  articles  showing  sewing  and 
a piece  of  leather  having  yucca  strips  fastened  through  the  margin, 
probably  a bag,  were  found.  The  skin  of  a small  animal  having  still 
the  loops  of  yucca  fastened  in  the  margin  by  which  it  was  stretched 
in  drying  was  an  interesting  find.  Bits  of  skin  of  antelope,  moun- 


Fig.  177. — Shoe-sandal  from  Tularosa  Cave. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


87 


tain  sheep,  deer,  and  other  animals  were  abundantly  scattered  through 
the  debris,  and  a sandal  of  buffalo  skin  with  the  fur  attached  came  to 
light. 

BASKETRY. 

Twined  work. — This  method  of  basket  weaving  is  not  common,  and 
in  the  finds  from  ancient  sites  of  this  region  not  many  examples 
occur,  but  it  has  been  observed  in  moccasins,  mats,  rude  carrying  ham- 
pers, mattresses,  and  feather  cord  clothing.  The  rush  bed  of  a 
mummified  baby  found  in  a cave  at  the  head  of  the  Tularosa  was 
twined.  (See  pi.  28,  fig.  2.) 

W rapped  work. — Only  one  specimen  (see  fig.  318)  of  wrapped  work 
was  seen,  that  of  a miniature  carrying  basket  which  is  wrapped  like 


Fig.  178. — Weaving  of  rushes  from  Tularosa  Cave. 

those  of  the  Mohave  Indians.  The  frame  has  8 braces  instead  of  4, 
as  in  the  Mohave  carrying  basket.  (Cat.  No.  232099,  U.S.N.M.) 

Tied  work. — Mats  were  made  by  tying  rushes  together  side  by  side 
and  also  by  threading.  (See  fig.  178,  Cat.  No.  246419,  U.S.N.M.) 

A number  of  fragments  of  a construction  made  of  rushes  (Cat. 
No.  246419,  U.S.N.M.)  were  found  in  the  debris  of  the  Tularosa 
Cave,  and  judging  from  the  care  and  skill  displayed  in  their  manu- 
facture, one  may  surmise  that  the  fragments  are  parts  of  a garment 
for  the  body,  like  the  feather  jacket.  (See  fig.  149.)  One  of  the 
larger  pieces  (fig.  178  a)  shows  a portion  of  the  top  and  side  edge,  the 
latter  finished  with  a braid  of  rush.  The  method  employed  in  mak- 
ing was  to  take  pairs  of  rushes,  bend  over  the  ends,  and  secure  them 
in  series  by  two  cords,  as  in  figure  178  b , which  shows  the  front; 
figure  178  e shows  the  overlapping  of  the  rushes  from  above;  and 
figure  178  d , the  reverse.  One  cord  is  brought  over  the  corner  and  for 


88 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


a short  distance  down  the  side  and  secured  in  the  body  of  the  rushes 
and  the  other  passes  down  the  side  and  secures  the  braid  binding, 
and  to  it  at  intervals  are  secured  the  horizontal  cords  on  which  the 
rushes  are  strung,  shown  in  figure  178  e . The  braid  is  represented  at 
g (fig.  178),  and  the  cord,  which  is  of  dasylirion  fiber,  at  / (fig. 
178).  Bush  texture  found  in  the  Bear  Creek  Cave  was  made  by 
tying  the  strips  together  instead  of  threading  them  on  cord,  and 
when  the  rush  has  disappeared  through  decay,  often  the  cords  alone 
are  found  and  resemble  a cord  chain  which  at  first  proves  deceptive 

as  to  its  real  purpose.  Mats  made 
by  threading  rushes  with  a wooden 
or  bone  needle  are  manufactured 
by  the  Winnebago,  Chippewa,  Qui- 
naielt,  and  other  northern  tribes. 

Twilled  work. — In  portions  of 
the  Pueblo  region  it  was  customary 
to  wrap  the  dead  in  matting,  and 
frequently,  when  the  soil  was  dry, 
fragments  of  such  mats  were  discovered  by  excavation.  In  some  of 
the  caves,  however,  specimens  of  diagonal  woven  mats  are  very  com- 
mon. The  art  apparently  has  not  survived  in  the  Pueblo  region, 
but  it  is  known  that  the  Hopi  practiced  mat  weaving  up  to  a few 
years  ago.  The  baskets  from  the  caves  resemble  in  structure  and 
material  those  made  by  the  Pueblos  at  the  present  time,  but  the  cave 
specimens  are  of  very  fine  weaving,  better  in  fact  than  any  hereto- 
fore found  in  America  and  comparable  with  the  best  work  in  Mexico. 
(Fig.  179,  Cat.  No.  246160,  U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek  Cave.) 

The  first  mention  of  diagonal 
checker  weaving  was  by  Prof. 

W.  IT.  Holmes,  who  secured 
specimens  from  cliff  dwellings 
of  Colorado. 

A rim  of  a basket  (Cat.  No.  fig.  iso. — detail  of  basket  rim  fkom  bear 

246160,  U.S.N.M.),  of  excellent  creek  cave. 

workmanship,  form,  and  finish,  was  taken  from  one  of  the  many 
offering  pits  in  the  floor  of  the  Bear  Creek  Cave.  It  is  twilled  of 
dasylirion  leaves  or  the  leaves  of  a yucca,  the  strips  smooth  and  of 
uniform  size.  The  modeling,  if  one  may  use  the  term,  of  the  splints 
into  the  form  reached  in  this  basket  is  a remarkable  feat,  and  the 
finish  of  the  rim  even  more  noteworthy,  as  is  shown  in  figure  180. 
(PI.  17,  fig.  3.)  The  splints  are  bent  over  a rod  and  held  by  a sewing. 
The  free  ends  are  then  formed  into  a braid,  which  apparently  has 
neither  beginning  nor  end,  termed  by  Mason  “ false  braid.”  The 
process  is  very  ingenious.  A square  tray  with  similar  rim  made  of 


Fig.  179. — Top  op  twilled  basket  from 


Bear  Creek  Cave. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  16 


Twilled  Basketry. 

For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  89. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


89 


very  fine  splints  was  also  found.  (See  pi.  IT,  fig.  1.)  Numerous 
fragments  of  twilled  matting  occurred  in  tlie  Bear  Creek  Cave,  but 
were  not  found  in  the  Tularosa  Cave. 

Two  cylindrical  baskets  tubular  in  shape  were  found  in  a small 
cliff  dwelling  on  Spur  Ranch.  (PI.  16,  figs.  3,  4.)  Their  use  is  not 
known.  The  fan-shape  mat  (pi.  16,  fig.  2,  Cat.  No.  232095,  U.S.N.M.) 
and  the  rolled  mat  (fig.  6,  Cat.  No.  246161,  U.S.N.M.)  were  both 
offerings  in  Bear  Creek  Cave.  The  fragment  of  twilled  basket  (fig.  1) 
is  from  Tularosa  Cave.  (Cat.  No.  246423,  U.S.N.M.) 

From  Bear  Creek  Cave  comes  a cylinder  of  basketry  (Cat.  No. 
246424,  U.S.N.M.)  in  twilled  weaving  of  strips  of  the  smooth  leaf 
of  the  lechuguilla  ? skillfully  worked  into  cylindrical  shape,  the  loose 
ends  being  coiled  in  the  interior.  (Fig.  181  a , 5,  and  pi.  16,  fig.  5.) 
Four  openings  in  the  walls  of  the  cylinder, 
caused  by  pegs  which  have  been  forced  through 
the  side,  indicate  that  this  object  has  been  at- 
tached to  a stick  (fig.  181  c ),  possibly  a digging 
stick,  like  those  with  stone  weights  found 
among  the  Indians  of  southern  California. 


Fig.  181. — Basketry  cylinder  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Only  one  specimen  of  this  character  has  been  found  in  the  caves 
visited  by  the  Museum-Gates  Expedition.  Diameter,  4 inches ; height, 
2J  inches. 

Diaper  work. — The  specimens  consist  of  tubes  of  agave  stalk  cov- 
ered with  basketry,  the  elements  in  two  colors  woven  together  to 
form  patterns.  (See  figs.  329  and  331.)  The  nearest  basketry  of 
this  character  is  found  1,500  miles  away,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  among  the  Chetimacha  and  Choctaw  tribes.  This 
is  the  first  specimen  of  the  kind  found  in  the  Pueblo  region  and  is 
one  of  the  treasures  from  the  great  ceremonial  cave  on  Blue  River. 

Coiled  work. — Many  examples  of  coiled  baskets  have  been  found 
in  the  caves  of  southern  Arizona,  where  they  were  placed  as  offer- 
ings. Though  usually  of  small  size,  they  show  excellently  the  meth- 
ods and  materials  employed  in  their  manufacture.  The  common 
type  is  more  slender  in  coil  than  the  modern  Hopi  sacred  meal 
plaque,  but  the  coil  is  made  up  of  rods  and  welt  instead  of  a bundle 


90  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

of  slender  grass  stems.  Generally  they  have  two  rods  side  by  side, 
surmounted  by  the  welt,  which  engages  the  stitches  by  which  the 
coils  are  held  together.  Two  remarkable  features  are  possessed  by 
these  baskets — they  are  constructed  with  the  “lazy  stitch,”  which 
has  heretofore  only  been  observed  in  southern  California,  and  they 
are  painted  in  red,  black,  and  green  on  the  exterior.  On  several 
occasions,  during  excavations  in  ancient  Pueblo  cemeteries,  thin 
films  of  color  accompanying  decayed  vegetable  texture  have  been 
found.  These  were  evidently  remains  of  baskets.  The  painted  coil 
baskets  have  an  orifice  in  the  center  of  the  bottom,  designedly  left 
during  the  weaving,  and  for  the  purpose  of  placing  them  on  a rod 
or  paho  to  be  set  up  in  a shrine.  (See  fig.  317.)  The  materials  of 
these  baskets  appear  to  be  willow  and  bark. 

The  second  variety  of  coiling  is  the  one  usually  employed  by 
Indians  when  they  wish  to  weave  an  impervious,  serviceable  basket. 
The  strongest  and  most  beautiful  baskets  are  made  in  this  way.  Not 
all  have  been  decorated  with  textile  ornament,  but  a few  examples 
have  been  painted.  (PL  17,  figs.  2,  4,  5.)  They  are  not  of  the  best 
workmanship,  but  a fragment  found  in  the  great  ceremonial  cave 
on  Blue  River  shows  what  these  ancient  Pueblos  could  do,  and  but 
for  this  remnant  we  would  not  be  able  to  say  that  the  celebrants  at 
the  cave  shrine  made  basketry  which  rivals  the  best  California  art. 

The  charred  remains  of  a beautifully  sewed  coiled  basket  were 
found  in  the  great  Spur  Ranch  ruin,  near  Luna,  New  Mexico.  It 
shows  17  stitches  to  the  inch,  and  the  foundation  is  two  rods  and  a 
splint.  (Cat.  No.  231919,  U.S.N.M.) 

RELIGIOUS  OBJECTS. 

DEPOSIT  OF  OFFERINGS  IN  CAVES. 

Throughout  the  region  of  caves  or  more  or  less  deep  rock  shelters, 
especially  prevalent  in  localities  where  tuff  formations  occur,  are 
found  deposits  of  ceremonial  offerings  consisting  of  bows  and  arrows, 
painted  rods,  and  other  material  such  as  is  described  in  this  paper. 
These  caves  were  secret  places  or  more  properly  shrines  like  those 
which  the  present  Pueblos  use  either  near  their  villages  or  in  distant 
places  on  mountains  or  at  sacred  lakes,  springs,  etc.  The  ancient 
shrines  differ  in  importance,  some  of  them  containing  few  deposits; 
others  contain  great  quantities  of  offerings,  such  as  the  one  at  Bear 
Creek,  which  was  used  for  a very  long  time  and  seems  to  have  been 
a sacred  place  for  the  inhabitants  of  a large  territory.  The  northern- 
most ceremonial  cave  of  this  character  known  to  the  writer  was  dis- 
covered near  the  Pueblo  of  Zuni,  New  Mexico,  and  the  material  from 
it,  consisting  of  crooks,  rounded  rods,  etc.,  is  displayed  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Brooklyn  Institute,  New  York. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  17 


Twilled  and  Coiled  Basketry. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  90. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


91 


The  cave  cult,  if  so  it  may  be  termed,  is  responsible  for  the  preser- 
vation of  perishable  objects  connected  with  the  religious  beliefs  of 
the  ancient  Pueblos,  and  this  cult  has  also  survived  to  the  present. 
While  the  cave  offered  a secret,  somewhat  inaccessible  place  for  the 
deposit  of  offerings  which  the  uninitiated  could  not  view  without 
danger,  it  was  especially  a place  for  the  worship  of  the  beings  of  the 
underworld. 

PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  PAHO. 

The  proceeding  in  offering  to  the  gods  who  are  believed  to  be  in  all 
respects  like  men  in  their  desires  and  inclinations  is  entirely  normal. 
The  paho  stands  for  the  human  supplicant,  and  is  formed  in  ac- 
cordance with  this  idea,  painted,  dressed,  furnished  with  food, 
money,  medicinal  plants,  etc.,  and  feathers  that,  by  the  orenda , or 
magic  power,  of  flying  creatures  carry  petitions  to  the  gods.  The 
paho  is  thus  the  central  feature  of  the  sacrifice,  and  may  be  of  any 
form  or  material  or  any  object  thought  to  be  pleasing  to  or  apper- 
taining to  a particular  supernatural  being  whose  characteristic  per- 
sonal offerings  have  been  determined  and  fixed  by  the  traditional 
usage  of  the  religious  organization. 

The  offering  prepared  in  a ritualistic  manner,  involving  its  ma- 
terials, manufacture,  and  the  spiritual  attitude  of  the  offerer,  re- 
ceived its  final  intent  through  its  bestowing  in  a shrine  or  other  loca- 
tion and  through  the  prayers  said  at  that  time.  At  an  equal  rate 
with  the  multiplication  of  the  supernatural  beings  there  developed  a 
more  extended  knowledge  of  their  attributes  and  an  increased  com- 
plexity in  their  worships,  the  offerings  and  the  attendant  symbolism 
became  extremely  varied,  but  the  central  idea  remained  simple,  in 
that  anthropomorphic  gods  like  men  were  pleased  with  the  things 
that  are  desirable  to  men. 

With  this  in  mind  the  description  of  the  objects  found  in  the  Bear 
Creek  and  other  caves  of  the  region  becomes  less  difficult.  It  is  not 
possible  to  reconstruct  the  religious  system,  or  present  it  as  Mrs. 
Stevenson  has  that  of  the  Zuhi,  but  the  study  which  she  has  made 
with  the  Zuni  and  that  of  Doctor  Fewkes  among  the  Hopi  is  of 
great  service  in  affording  comparisons  with  the  ancient  offerings  and 
aids  materially  in  bringing  the  subject  out  of  the  total  darkness  that 
has  formerly  obscured  it. 


TWIG  PAHOS. 

Occurring  in  quantities  in  all  the  separate  cave  shrines  were  twigs 
of  dark  brown  color  taken  from  some  bush  which  has  a very  shiny 
bark,  probably  some  species  of  Ptelea.  Many  of  these  twigs  had 
various  attachments  of  windings  of  cotton  cord  and  threads  of  yucca 
fiber  which  sometimes  retain  the  bases  of  the  quills  to  which  they 


92 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


were  attached.  (Figs.  182-186.)  Somewhat  frequently,  also,  cere- 
monial cigarettes  were  tied  to  these  twigs.  (Figs.  187,  191.)  Earely 
they  bear  bundles  of  corn  husks  containing  food  (figs.  189,  190)  or 
an  encircling  ring  of  stone  beads  (fig.  188).  Not  often  the  offerings 
were  placed  on  dressed  twigs  (fig.  194)  and  in  a few  cases  the  orna- 
ments were  applied  to  lengths  of  cane,  as  in  figure  195.  The  mean- 
ing of  these  offerings  can  scarcely  be  surmised  at  present. 
There  appears  to  be  no  relation  between  these  twigs  and 
those  upon  which  the  nakwaswoshi  are  strung 
during  the  Soyaluna  ceremony  of  the  Hopi, 
or  the  several  wands  to  which  feathers  are  at- 
tached and  which  are  the  fetishes  of  the  Sword 
Swallowing  Society  of  Zuni.1  They  are  prob- 
ably a form  of  paho  of  some  Indian  frater- 
nity whose  rites  have  passed  out  of  existence. 


182. 


183.  184.  185. 

Figs.  182-186. — Twig  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


STUB  PAHOS. 

A large  number  of  pahos  somewhat  of  the  type  familiar  among  the 
present  Pueblos  is  found  in  most  of  the  caves  of  this  region.  They 
consist  of  short  sections  rudely  cut  from  saplings  and  sharpened  at 
one  end.  Usually  the  bark  was  left  on  these  pahos.  Ceremonial 
cigarettes  are  attached  to  them.  (PI.  18,  figs.  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  and  9.) 

1 See  23d  Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  plate  112. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  18 


Stub  Pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  92. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


93 


A strand  of  colored  cotton  cord  in  figure  7,  or  a wrapping  at  the 
top  and  at  the  middle  may  be  seen  in  figure  8,  or  they  are  wound 
with  black,  white,  red,  and  yellow  cotton  cord,  as  in  figures  1,  2, 
and  3.  They  are  sometimes  quite  large,  as  in  figure  10,  and  the 
smooth  pahos  are  painted  red.  Very  few  pahos  carved  to  represent 
the  human  face  were  found.  Two  examples  are  shown 
in  figures  192  and  193,  and  the  side  views  in  figures  196 
and  197.  Length,  17  and  19  inches.  Cat.  No.  245989-90, 
U.S.N.M. 

CROOK  PAHOS. 

Among  the  Hopi  and  Zuni  certain  paraphernalia 
used  in  religious  ceremonies  are  in  the  form  of  crooks 

of  bent  wood.  They  also  ap- 
pear among  the  Rio  Grande 
Pueblos.  This  object  is  one 
of  the  pahos  of- 
fered by  the  Zuni, 
and  it  is  said  to 
symbolize  old  age 
or  longevity,  the 
idea  being  a de- 


187. 


188. 


189. 


190. 


191. 


Figs.  187-188,  191. — Twig  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 
Figs.  189,  190. — Reed  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


sire  to  live  until  the  back  is  bent  with  age.  Another  object  like 
the  crook  is  the  rattle  of  the  Zuni  rain  priests  of  the  nadir  deco- 
rated with  feathers  from  which  shells  are  suspended,  forming  a 
ceremonial  rattle,  and  a similar  rattle  is  used  in  the  Hopi  Flute 
ceremony.  Among  the  Hopi,  crooks  are  mounted  in  clay  pedes- 
tals and  placed  before  the  altar  of  the  Antelope  Fraternity  in  the 


94 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Snake  ceremony.  These  have  a feathered  cord  tied  from  the  end  of 
the  crook  to  the  place  of  insertion  in  the  pedestal.  Doctor  Fewkes 
writes  that  these  sticks  have  been  called  warrior  prayer  sticks  and 
are  symbols  of  ancient  weapons.  He  further  points  out  that 
their  associations  with  the  warrior  fraternities  bear  out  this 
assumption. 

Mr.  Cushing  made  some  interesting  deductions  con- 
cerning the  origin  of  the  bow  from  this  crook  furnished 
with  a cord,  suggesting  that  a missile  might  be  thrown 
from  it  much  as  an  arrow  is  released  from  the  bow 
string.  Great  numbers  of  crook  sticks  survive  in  the 
caves  of  southern  Arizona.  Of  these,  two  kinds  can 
be  distinguished,  one  in  which  the  crook  is 
bent  over  and  secured  at  the  end,  and  in  the 
other  variety  the  end  is  not  bent  to  approach 

the  staff. 

Sometimes  these 
crooks  are  small  in 


192. 


193. 


194. 


195. 


196. 


197. 


Figs.  192,  193. — Stub  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Fig.  194. — Twig  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Fig.  195. — Reed  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Figs.  196,  197. — Heads  of  stub  pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


size  and  are  used  as  symbolic  offerings,  but  generally  they  are  large 
enough  for  effective  implements  and  frequently  the  length  of  a throw 
stick.  None  of  the  crooks  show  cord  attachments.  It  may  be 
possible  that  these  crooks  are  a form  of  throwstick,  but  the 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  19 


Crook  Pahos  from  Bear  Creek  and  Johnson  Caves. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  95. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


95 


shafts  of  none  of  them  show  any  particular  adaptation  to  facilitate 
grasping. 

A specimen  collected  from  a cave  near  Silver  City,  New  Mexico, 
by  H.  H.  Rusby,  is  shown  in  fig.  198.  It  is  a smooth  rod  of  wood, 
bent  into  a crook,  and  showing  the 
nicks  made  in  bringing  it  to  shape. 

Frequently  the  end  of  the  crook  is 
fastened  to  the  stem  of  the  rod,  thus 
forming  a closed  loop.  (Plate  19,  fig.  9, 

Cat.  No.  45616,  U.S.N.M.  Diameter, 

3f  inches;  length,  6 
inches.) 

Some  specimens 
consist  of  a rod  of 
wood  bent  into  a 
crook  at  one  end,  and 
perforated  disk  of  wood 
was  passed  over  this  rod. 

(Fig.  199  and  pi.  19, fig.  8.) 

The  disk  is  grooved,  and 
in  this  groove  probably  lay 
a cord,  to  which  was  at- 
tached feathers.  (Cat.  No. 

246539,  U.S.N.M.  Length, 

9^  inches.)  The  specimen 
was  found  as  figured  in 
the  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Plate  19  shows  a variety  of  crooks,  principally 
from  Bear  Creek  Cave.  It  will  be  observed  that 


Fig.  198. — Crook  paho  from 
Silver  City,  New  Mexico. 

a shrine  on  the  floor  of 


the  shafts  of  most  of  them  are  broken, 
is  a perfect  specimen,  measuring  22 


Figure  1 


inches  in 
a number 
They  are 


length.  It  is  probable,  however,  that 
of  these  crooks  were  longer  than  this, 
rudely  sharpened  at  the  butt  in  the  manner  of  the 
pahos,  and  there  is,  therefore,  reason  to  believe 
that  they  may  have  been  stuck  up  in  the  ground, 
like  the  Soyaluna  and  Antelope  pahos  of  the  Hopi. 
The  remaining  specimens  on  the  plate,  Nos.  2 to  7, 
are,  some  of  them,  neatly  finished ; others  are  made 
from  crooked  branches.  The  specimen  to  the  right 
near  the  bottom  of  the  plate,  fig.  9,  is  from  Johnson  Cave  on  Blue 
River.  It  is  painted  red  and  black.  One  of  the  specimens  has  been 
blackened  with  smoke  and  decorated  with  zigzag  incises  cut  with  a 
stone  chip  through  the  black  coating. 


Fig.  199. — Crook  paho 

WITH  WOODEN  DISK 
from  Bear  Creek 
Cave. 


96 


BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


A number  of  crotch  pahos  (fig.  200)  from  Bear  Creek  Cave  are  in 
the  collection,  and  they  are  provisionally  related  to  the  crook.  The 
specimen  shown  is  painted  red.  (Cat.  No.  246026,  U.S.N.M.  Length 
of  fragment,  3 inches.) 

ROUNDEL  PAHOS. 

There  is  a group  of  pahos  which  occurs  in  some 
number  in  the  Bear  Creek  Cave,  consisting  of  dressed 
rods  about  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  showing  great 
care  and  considerable  skill  in  their  manufacture.  All 
the  specimens  found  were  broken,  and  the  only  one 
which  gives  any  indication  of  their  length  was  a staff 
which  measures  36  inches.  The  specimen  shown  in 
figure  201  is  the  upper  portion  of  a staff  worked  out 
from  a larger  stem  of  wood,  is  painted  black  and 
FlpfH°‘7~CFRRoCM  &reen  and  has  wrappings  of  yellow  and  brown  cot- 
bear  creek  ton  cord  around  it.  The  remains  of  a wrapping  of 
yucca  fiber,  probably  for  the  attachment  of  feathers, 
is  preserved  around  the  lower  roundel.  (Length,  9 inches.  Cat. 
No.  245993,  U.S.N.M.  Bear  Creek  Cave,  Blue  River,  Arizona.) 

A variety  of  roundels  is  shown  on  plate  20. 

They  are  painted  red,  green,  and  blue,  and  a few 
of  them  retain  cord  wrappings.  Generally  they 
have  a button-shaped  head  (figs.  1 and  6),  or  flat- 
tened (figs.  3,  5,  and  7),  and  sometimes  a hole  is 
drilled  through  the  flattened  head  (figs.  8 and  9). 

The  roundels  are  sometimes  plain,  as  in  figures 
1,  7,  and  8,  or  grooved,  as  in  figures  3,  4,  5,  and  6. 

The  roundel,  figure  2,  suggests  the  throwstick. 

(See  p.  19.) 

Pahos  carved  very  much  in  the  same  way  as 
these  from  the  Blue  River  were  found  by  Doctor 
Fewkes1  in  the  graves  at  Sikyatki.  Some  of  the 
fragments  appear  to  be  of  rods  of  considerable 
size.  Fewkes  connects  these  pahos  with  the  Flute 
Society.  Specimens  like  these  have  been  found 
in  the  cliff  houses  of  Mesa  Verde  and  in  San  Juan 
Valley,  New  Mexico.  The  Hopi  at  present  make 
use  of  splashing  sticks  for  agitating  the  waters 
of  the  spring  during  the  flute  ceremony.  These 
number  seven,  carried  in  a pack  and  are  about 
a foot  long.  They  have  a roundel  carving  near  the  top.  Simi- 
lar sticks  have  been  found  in  the  Balcony  House  in  the  Mesa  Verde. 
It  is  possible  that  these  rods  may  have  some  connection  with  those 
under  discussion. 


Fig.  201. — Roundel 
paho  from  Bear 
Creek  Cave. 


1 17th  Ann.  Kept.,  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  pt.  2,  p.  736. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  20 


Roundel  Pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  96. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


97 


The  long  roundel  staffs  found  in  Bear  Creek  Cave  suggest  the 
object  carried  in  the  hand  of  the  figure  of  a Mexican  deity  figured 
in  Doctor  Eduard  Seler’s  collected  works.  (Vol.  1,  1902,  p.  889.) 
It  has  a rounded  tip,  below  which  is  a small  shield  with  cross  figure, 
below  this  is  a cord  wrapping  apparently  securing  a row  of  bells 
and  feathers  and  at  intervals  two  globular  wrappings  of  cord,  bind- 
ing feathers  to  the  staff. 

BOW  PAHOS. 

The  custom  of  making  miniature  bows  and  arrows  for  ceremonial 
purposes  has  been  observed  in  several  American  tribes  and  perhaps 
formerly  was  extensive,  as  there  are  many  traces  of  a bow  cult  in 
America  outside  of  the  Pueblo  region,  where  it  is  still  current.  An 
interesting  set  of  this  character  from  the  Nishinam  Indians  (Maidu 
Stock)  of  California  collected  by  Stephen  Powers  is  in  the  National 


Museum.  (Cat.  No.  21455,  U.S.N.M.)  It  consists  of  a bow  7^  inches 
long,  a partially  stripped  woodpecker  feather  and  a mat  of  wood- 
pecker quills  1£  by  2J  inches  in  diameter.  (Fig.  202.)  This  outfit 
was  stated  by  the  collector  to  be  a charm  for  the  chase.  Bows  of 
about  half  the  standard  size  and  beaded  excellently  are  made  by  the 
Klamath  and  Modoc  and  are  of  some  ceremonial  importance.  Minia- 
ture bows  and  arrows  form  frequently  a part  of  the  paraphernalia 
with  which  masks  are  decorated  among  the  southern  Alaska  tribes. 
These  examples  suggest  the  possible  ranges  of  the  idea,  but  not  enough 
information  is  at  hand  to  connect  them  with  the  bow  cult. 

Among  the  Pueblo,  however,  the  bow  cult  was  prominent  and  pre- 
vailed over  a wide  region  and,  where  offerings  were  made  of  various 
kinds  in  caves  by  the  ancient  people,  the  greater  number  of  these 
objects  were  bows  and  arrows  of  regular  size  or  in  the  form  of 
models. 

14278°— Bull.  87—14 8 


98 


BULLETIN"  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


The  first  reference  to  arrow  customs  in  America  is  found  in  the 
narration  of  Castaneda,  who  writes  that  the  tribes  of  the  river 
Senora,  northern  Mexico,  “ Have  some  little  huts 
for  shrines,  all  over  the  outside  of  which  they  stick 
many  arrows  like  a hedgehog.  This  they  do  when 
they  are  eager  for  war.”1  At  the  present  time 
there  are  arrow  shrines  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Zuni.  “ To  insure  success  in  the  hunt  arrows  are 
shot  into  a vertical  fis- 
sure in  an  inaccessible 
rock  on  the  west  wall 
of  Towayallane  (Com 
Mountain) . A hundred 
or  more  arrows  were  to 
be  seen  in  this  cleft  in 
1879.”  Mrs.  Stevenson 
also  writes  that  the  In- 
dians shoot  at  a picto- 
graph  on  the  face  of  a 
cliff  30  miles  southwest 
of  Zuni  and  success  is  di- 
vined for  the  one  whose 
arrow  hits  the  mark.2 

In  Mexico  at  the  time 
of  the  conquest  offerings 
made  to  those  who  had 
died  in  war  were  four 
small  arrows  a span  in 
length,  secured  each  to  a little  torch  by 
means  of  cotton  cords  and  with  them  were 
placed  two  unsalted  tamales.  The  offering 
was  deposited  on  the  tombs  and  when  it 
had  remained  there  all  day,  at  night  was 
set  afire  and  burnt  to  ashes.  The  latter 
were  then  interred  over  the  grave  of  the 
dead  in  honor  of  the  warriors.3  They  also 
set  apart  a day  for  making  arrows  belong- 
ing to  individuals  for  shooting.4 

Ceremonial  arrows  among  the  Huichols  are  described  by  Lumholz 
and  it  is  apparent  that  these  objects  bear  a close  relationship  to  those 
from  Bear  Creek  Cave  and  other  caves  of  this  region,  as  well  as 


Fig.  203. — Bunt  head 

CEREMONIAL  ARROW 

from  Bear  Creek 
Cave. 


! { 

Fig.  204. — Decorated  bow  from 
Bear  Creek  Cave. 

5 


1 The  Coronado  Expedition.  14th  Ann.  Kept.  Bur.  Ethnology,  p.  515. 

2 The  Zuni  Indians.  23d  Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology. 

3 Sahagun,  p.  145.  Paris,  1880. 

4 Idem.,  p.  145. 

6 Unknown  Mexico,  vol.  2,  New  York,  1902,  pp.  201-205. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


99 


those  in  present  use  by  the  Zuni.  The  Huichol  painted  arrow  with 
its  various  attachments  is  a paho.  The  arrows  made  for  the  family 

worship  also  bear  a close  analogy  to  those 
pahos  made  as  family  offerings  by  the  Zuni. 

The  attachment  of  bows,  shields,  food, 
beads,  etc.,  to  the  Huichol  arrow  paho  has 
counterpart  in  the  paho  of  the  Zuni  and 
Hopi  and  that  of  the  ancient  Pueblo  de- 
scribed in  this 
paper,  thus  several 
arrow  offerings  or 
pahos  found  in  Bear 
Creek  Cave  having 
lashed  across  the 


Fig.  206. — Ceremonial  bow 
from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


Fig.  205. — Ceremonial  bow 

AND  ARROWS  FROM  BEAR 

Creek  Cave. 

end  of  the  fore- 
shaft small  tubes 
of  reed  or  cylin- 
ders of  wood  (fig. 

203)  suggest  the  “ medicine  arrows  ” spoken 
of  by  Cushing  in  his  Zuni  Folk  Tales.1 
There  were  similar  arrows  with  cane  tubes 
on  the  ends  charged  with  a charm  liquid  made  by 
of  the  war  gods  from  flesh  rubbed  off 


Fig.  207. — Ceremonial  bow 

WITH  CIGARETTES  FROM 

Bear  Creek  Cave. 


grandmother 


the 

her 


1 Zuni  Folk  Tales.  New  York,  1901,  p.  335. 


100  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

arms.  This  medicine  was  supposed  to  make  the  enemy  weak  and 
womanly. 

The  remains  of  a splendid  bow  were  found  standing  with  others 
against  the  back  wall  of  the  Bear  Creek  Cave  where  a slight  alkaline 
seepage  issues,  and  for  this  reason  the  bow  has  slowly  decayed  for 
about  one-third  of  its  length.  It  is  a smoothly  finished  and  good 
example  of  the  better  bows  of  the  region.  (Fig.  204  a.)  The  decora- 
tive patterns  on  this  bow  are  especially  interesting.  Near  the  end  the 
design  is  narrow  bands,  lined,  and  the  lines  of  differing  length, 
which  appear  to  represent  mottled  bark.  (Fig.  204  a.)  This  area 
is  demarked  from  the  next  by  a band  of  horizontal  lines  going  around 
the  bow.  The  next  area  is  of  frets  (fig.  204  &),  arranged  in  bands 
and  representing  weaving  of  twilled  splints,  as  on  the  flutes.  (See 
fig.  329.)  An  area  of  bands  formed  by  a grouping  of  parallel  hori- 
zontal lines  follows  and  then  a design  in  red,  green,  black,  and  yellow 


Fig.  208. — Ceremonial  bow  from  Zuni  Salt  Lake. 


which  resembles  Mexican  art.  (Fig.  204  c1.)  The  central  design 
appears  to  be  the  interlocking  bird  fret  but  the  comma-like  figures 
on  the  background  are  unintelligible  and  apparently  are  not  ancient 
Pueblo.  (Cat.  No.  473  of  the  Gates  collection.)  The  bow  in  its 
present  state  is  36  inches  long ; original  length,  54  inches. 

A description  of  some  of  the  miniature  specimens  follows : 

Bow  of  dressed  wood  painted  red,  the  string  of  yucca  fiber,  painted 
also  with  red  ocher.  One  ceremonial  cigarette  remains  attached  to 
the  string.  A bundle  of  three  arrows  is  tied  to  the  bow  with  a cotton 
cord.  They  are  slender  reeds  having  wooden  foreshafts  painted  red 
thrust  in  the  end.  (Fig.  205,  Cat.  No.  232164,  U.S.N.M. ; length,  17J 
inches;  arrows,  19 \ inches  long.) 

Bow  made  of  a dressed  branch  or  stem  painted  red,  green,  and 
black  on  the  end  portions  and  left  plain  in  the  middle.  The  ends  are 
wrapped  in  corn  husk.  (Fig.  206,  Cat.  No.  232165,  U.S.N.M. ; length, 
18  inches.) 

Bow,  a smooth  finished  stick  painted  green  with  copper  carbonate 
and  supplied  with  a yucca  fiber  string  colored  with  red  ocher.  (Fig. 

1 Penafiel,  Induraentaria  Mexicana,  pi.  24,  figures  a bow  of  the  same  shape  and  deco- 
rated like  some  of  those  from  Blue  River. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


101 


207.)  Near  the  ends  of  the  bow  is  attached  to  the  bow  cord  a cere- 
monial cigarette,  each  cigarette  with  its  brown,  loose-twisted  cotton 
cord  bandage  which  retains  the  quills  of.  feathers.  The  bundle  of 
tiny  arrows  which  was  attached  to  the  bow  at  the  time  of  its  offering 
has  become  detached.  (Cat.  No.  23163,  U.S.N.M. ; length,  17  inches.) 

Several  survivals  occurring  among  the  Pueblos  are  described  as 
follows : 

Miniature  bow  made  from  a twig  painted  red  on 
the  belly  and  sinew  string  and  to  the  latter  is  at- 
tached a feather  arrow.  (Fig.  208,  a and  b.)  This 
object  was  deposited  as  an  offering  below  the  water 
on  the  edge  of  the  salt  lake,  40  miles  southwest  of 
Zuni.  This  lake,  which  occupies  the  crater  of  an 
ancient  volcano  is  much  reverenced  by  the  Zuni,  who 
journey  thence  yearly  to  procure  salt.  (Cat.  No. 

129066,  U.S.N.M.,  collected  by  Mrs.  M.  C.  Steven- 
son; length,  4 inches.) 

Small  bow  painted  red  and  green  and  having  tied 
to  it  two  arrows,  also  painted  with  these  colors. 

(Fig.  209.)  This  object  is  an  offering  customarily 
presented  by  the  sacred  dancers  ( Koh-ko ) to  little 
boys.  Other  specimens  had  baskets  attached.  Among 
the  Zuni,  Hopi,  and  a number  of  other  Pueblos, 
painted  objects  quite  similar  to  those  which  are 
found  in  caves  are  used  in  ceremonies,  no  doubt  per- 
petuating the  same  ideas  from  the  ancient  times. 

(Cat.  No.  234285,  U.S.N.M.,  Zuni,  New  Mexico; 
collected  by  M.  C.  Stevenson;  length,  15  inches.) 

Small,  neatly  made  bow  with  sinew  string,  be- 
longing to  the  Apithlashiwani  or  Priesthood  of 
the  Bow.  To  the  back  of  the  bow  is  attached  a 
ring  of  corn  husk  representing  a shield,  and  to  this 
ring  is  attached  another  miniature  bow  over  which 
radiate  four  arrows  of  com  husk  (fig.  210),  the 
tying  material  being  yucca  leaf  strips.  (Cat.  No. 

58619,  U.S.N.M.,  Zuni  Indians,  New  Mexico.) 

BIRDS  IN  RELIGIOUS  OBSERVANCES.  FlG.  209. — CEREMO- 

NIAL BOW  FROM 

The  earliest  information  on  the  native  tribes  of  zuffi. 
the  southwestern  United  States  and  Mexico  shows  the  great  impor- 
tance of  birds  in  cult,  and  nowhere  else  has  there  been  a development 
which  compares  with  it  in  extent  and  complexity.  The  bird  form  is 
represented  in  the  round  in  wood,  clay,  and  stone,  or  as  a preponder- 
ant design  in  surface  decoration,  and  sometimes  the  whole  body  is 
used  in  ceremony,  but  these  features  are  insignificant  compared  with 
the  employment  of  the  plumage. 

The  taking  of  birds  for  the  feathers,  assiduously  carried  on  by  these 
Indians,  became  in  parts  of  the  region  an  industry,  as  in  Mexico,  where 


102  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

the  idea  of  cult  grew  with  the  esthetic  idea  and  where  feathers  were 
collected  for  trade  with  other  tribes  far  and  near.  The  customs  of  the 
present  Pueblos — the  Hopi,  for  instance — with  regard  to  the  collec- 
tion of  bird  pelts  are  traditional  and  are,  no  doubt,  similar  to  those 
practiced  by  the  ancient  Pueblos. 

Hopi  knowledge  of  bird  life  is  thorough,1  in  fact  surprising  to  a 
trained  naturalist,  who  finds  that  their  nomenclature  of  the  avian  to- 
pography is  quite  as  exact  as  that  of  science,  and  that  the  Indian’s  ac- 
quaintance with  the  habits  of  birds  is  really  extraordinary. 

The  collector  of  bird  skins  is  generally  the  one  to  whose  use  the 
feathers  are  to  be  put ; or  the  duty  may  be  delegated  to  members  of 
the  secret  orders,  who  take  the  birds  ritually ; that  is,  the  use  at  the 
time  of  capture  of  appropriate  prayers  and  ceremonies,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  eagle.2  The  birds  must  be  trapped,  killed  by  suffocation, 
and  not  mutilated,  and  herein  is  a subject  which  will  repay  investi- 


Fig.  210. — Ceremonial  bow  from  Zuni. 


gation.  The  skins  are  dried,  carefully  wrapped  in  cotton  cloth,  put 
in  an  oblong  rectangular  box  excavated  from  a single  piece  of  wood, 
and  guarded  with  other  sacred  paraphernalia. 

During  preparations  for  ceremonials  I have  observed  the  selection 
of  the  proper  feathers  for  pahos  and  have  been  struck  with  the  exact- 
ness of  the  methods,  which  reminded  me  of  the  scrutiny  of  the  orni- 
thologist in  comparing  two  species.  The  complexity  of  Hopi  and 
other  Pueblo  ceremonials  is  so  great,  and  the  feathers  appropriate  to 
each  feature  of  the  rites  are  so  numerous,  that  the  description  of  the 
minutiae  of  their  kinds,  uses,  etc.,  would  apparently  fill  a volume. 

Some  of  the  considerations  which  may  have  determined  the  use  of 
feathers  in  religious  observances  are  suggested.  The  colors  of  feathers 
are  permanent,  often  vivid  and  always  present  some  element  of 
beauty;  they  are,  therefore,  more  useful  than  flowers  which,  though 
highly  appreciated  by  most  peoples,  soon  fade.  Their  colors  are 
various  enough  to  accord  with  color  ideas  related  to  beings,  world- 
directions,  etc.,  which  enter  into  the  philosophy  of  uncivilized  tribes. 

1 E.  A.  Mearns,  Ornithological  Vocabulary  of  the  Mold  Indians,  American  Anthropolo- 
gist, vol.  9,  December,  1896,  p.  391. 

2 J.  Walter  Fewkes.  Property  Rights  in  Eagles  Among  the  Hopi.  American  An- 
thropologist, vol.  2,  n.  s.  October-December,  1900,  p.  690. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


103 


The  mystery  of  down  which  seems  to  move  under  the  influence  of 
intangible  beings  and  float  in  the  air  as  though  imbued  with  the 
power  of  birds’  flight  or  the  lightness  of  smoke  or  the  buoyancy  of 
clouds  has  also  appealed  to  uncivilized  man  and  given  him,  like  in- 
cense, a way  to  the  gods. 

Birds  are  the  most  attractive  members  of  the 
animal  kingdom.  They  are  not  dangerous  to 
man  and  they  excite  neither  fear,  anger,  nor  dis- 
gust; on  the  contrary,  from  their  strange  and 
wonderful  habits,  above  all  that  of  flight,  they 
excite  interest  and  admiration.  Flying,  swim- 
ming, and  diving  are  mysterious,  and  the  feathers 
being  the  instruments  of  this  action  are  symbols 
of  the  magic  power  or  orenda  of  flight. 

The  Pueblos  have  clas- 
sified feathers,  as  has 
been  intimated,  as  hav- 
ing certain  qualities  ap- 
pertaining to  their  wor- 
ship. Most  feathers  are 
good,  but  the  plumage 
of  certain  birds  is  maleficent,  that  of  the  owl 
among  the  Zuni  being  employed  in  witchcraft. 
The  feathers  also  of  certain  birds — the  crow, 
for  instance  — are  not 
used  at  all. 


BIRD  CIRCUIT  SYMBOLISM. 

Examples  of  the  four 
direction  bird  symbol 
(see  figs.  85,  86)  are 
common  in  the  Pueblo 
region,  the  ancient  southern  sites,  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley  ruins,  and  sporadically 
throughout  North  America.  North  of  Mexico 
the  symbol  is  not  highly  developed,  but  in 
Mexico  it  has  become  complex,  due  to  calendric 
progress.  An  interesting  resemblance  between 
the  Pueblo  and  Mexican  bird  circuit  is  that  in 
both  symbols  the  parrakeet  occupies  the  four 
corners  of  the  square.1 


Fig.  211. — Carved  head 

OF  BIRD  STAFF  FROM 

Blue  River. 


Fig.  212. — Carved  head  of 

BIRD  STAFF  FROM  BEAR 

Creek  Cave. 


Bear  Creek  «Cave. 

A few  ceremonial  staffs  having  bird  effigies  carved  on  the  upper 
end  were  taken  from  the  deposits  of  the  Bear  Creek  and  Johnson 
caves  on  Blue  River,  Arizona.  (Figs.  211-213,  Cat.  Nos.  552  Gates 

1 See  calendric  cross  of  the  Fejervary  codex  in  3d  Ann.  Kept.  Bur.  Ethnology,  1882.  d1 
111,  facing  p.  32. 


104  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Coll.,  246717,  246552,  U.S.N.M.)  It  is  possible  that  these  objects 
were  part  of  the  paraphernalia  of  an  altar  like  the  birds  on  the  posts 
of  several  Zuni  altars.1 

The  bird  figures  mounted  on  rods,  used  by  the  Hopi  and  Zuni  for 
ceremonial  purposes  (figs.  214,  215,  Cat.  No.  68779,  U.S.N.M.),  are 
presumably  the  modern  representatives 
of  the  similar  objects  from  the  ruins, 
which,  as  has  been  shown,  comprise  both 
composite  figures  and  those  carved  on 


214. 


215. 


Figs.  214,  215. — Marionette  birds  of  the  Hopi  Indians,  Arizona. 

a staff.  The  latter  form  is  represented  in  Mexico,  where  it  is  con- 
nected with  the  migration  legend  in  which  the  tribes  were  said  to 

have  been  guided  by  a fabulous 
bird.  The  Lienzo  de  Jucutacato 2 
depicts  the  bird  guide  mounted 
on  a staff  which  appears  to  have 
been  thrust  in  the  ground  at  the 
end  of  each  stage  of  the  migra- 
tion, in  which  the  Tarascans  and 
eight  Mexican  tribes  emerge  from 
the  seven  caves  in  the  west  and, 
led  by  the  bird,  seek  their  final 
seats  in  Mexico. 

From  a cave  south  of  the  Gila 
Eiver,  near  Silver  City,  New 
Mexico,  comes  a specimen  carved 
from  a single  piece  of  soft  wood, 
rudely  made  to  represent  the  form 
of  a bird,  and  painted  black  on 
A white  margin  is  painted  on  the 
(Fig.  216.)  In  the  center  of  the 
body  and  at  the  tail  are  remains  of  a yucca  fiber  cord  by  which  the 

1 23d  Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  pis.  58,  59,  and  116. 

2 Report  Smithsonian  Institution,  1886,  p.  307. 


Fig.  216.- 


-Carved  bird  from  Silver  City, 
New  Mexico. 


the  flat  surface  and  yellow  below, 
edge  and  a band  across  the  tail. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  BULLETIN  87  PL.  21 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


105 


bird  was  secured  to  a staff.  There  is  a probable  relationship  between 
this  object  and  the  staffs  with  a bird  carved  on  the  upper  extremity. 
(See  figs.  211-213.)  The  Hopi  make  birds  with 
movable  wings  that  seem  closely  related  to  the 
joinery  birds  from  the  caves  (see  figs.  214,  215). 

(Cat.  No.  35262,  U.S.N.M. ; length,  6J  inches; 
width,  4f  inches.  Collected  by  Henry  and  James 
K.  Metcalf.) 

A notable  specimen  of  ancient  art  was  taken 
from  the  Bear  Creek  cave  by  visitors  in  the  neigh- 
borhood at  the  time  the  Museum-Gates  explora- 
tion was  in  progress.  A photograph  was  secured, 
but  an  attempt  to  reclaim  the  specimen  failed. 

It  consists  of  two  strips  of  wood  crossed  at  right 
angles  and  sewed  together  with  yucca  cord,  rep- 
resenting a bird,  probably  a woodpecker,  in  flight. 

(PL  21.)  The  colors  used  in  painting  this  ob- 
ject are  white,  black,  salmon,  yellow,  red,  blue, 
and  green,  showing  greater  variety  and  a greater 
discrimination  in  shades  of  color  than  in  a ma- 
jority of  specimens  from  this  locality. 

A flat  staff  decorated  with  a very  simple  bird 
convention  and  for  support- 
ing a plume  paho  is  shown  in 
figure  217.  (Cat.  No.  246580, 

U.S.N.M. ; Bear  Creek  Cave.) 

A plume  or  bird  paho 
from  a cave  near  Silver 
City,  New  Mexico,  collected 
by  Henry  and  James  K.  Met-  FlQJ17;~fmD 
calf,  consists  of  strips  of  thin  from  bear  creek 
wood  sewed  to  a crosspiece  CAVa* 

(fig.  218),  the  central  strip  forming  the  sup- 
port. The  colors  used  in  decorating  this  object 
are  red  on  the  body  and  the  tips  of  the  feathers 
blue.  This  paho  appears  to  represent  a feather 
plume  or  bird  like  that  shown  in  figures  5 and  6, 
plate  22,  but  ruder  in  conception  and  execution. 
(Cat,  No.  35263,  U.S.N.M.;  length,  6 inches; 
width,  2-J  inches.) 

Another  instructive  paho  from  the  same  locality 
is  formed  of  thin,  soft  strips  cut  from  the  flower 
stalk  of  dasylirion  and  a disk  of  gourd  joined  together  with  a sewing 
of  fiber  cord.  (Figs.  219,  220.)  The  disk  is  painted  red  and  the 
strips  of  wood  green  and  white.  Remains  of  cord  at  the  lower  por- 


Fig.  218. — Plumes  on 
bird  paho  from 
Silver  City,  New 
Mexico. 


106  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


tion  of  the  handle  show  that  the  paho  was  attached  to  a more  compli- 
cated structure,  probably  a headdress.  The  object  probably  repre- 
sents a sun  shield  with  feathers,  familiar  in 
Hopi  symbolism.  (Cat.  No.  35264,  U.S.N.M. ; 
length,  9J  inches;  width,  4f  inches.)  A small 
joined  wood  shield  or  flower  painted  green 
and  white  is  shown  in  figure  221. 

Parts  of  these  bird  figures  of  jointed  wood 
are  shown  in  figures  1 to  4 and  8,  plate  22, 
and  probably  figures  7 and  9,  of  sewed  tablets, 
are  incomplete  figures.  Figure  10  appears  to 
be  a feather.  Figures  5 and  6 represent  plume 
pahos,  or  possibly  a rude  conception  of  a bird. 
The  long  tablet  to 
the  right  (fig.  11) 
appears  to  bear  bird 
symbolism.  It  is  a 
thin  strip  split 
from  yucca  or  dasy- 
lirion  flower  stalk, 
smoothed  and  paint- 
ed red  and  having 
a zigzag  design  in 
black  or  green  at 
three  equal  inter- 
vals of  the  strip. 

The  upper  end  is 
perforated  for  at- 
tachment, and  a portion  of  the  cord  still 
remains.  The  lower  end  is  formed  into  a 
taillike  shape.  ( Cat.  No.  246577,  U.S.N.M. ; 
length,  32  inches;  width,  1 inch.) 

Figure  10  on  plate  26  is  a bird  figure 
and  11  to  14,  16,  19, 
and  20  appear  to 
represent  feathers. 


Fig.  219. — Plumbs  on  bird 
paho  from  Silver  City, 
New  Mexico. 


FIRE  PAHOS. 


Fig.  220. — Plumes  on  bird  paho 
from  Silver  City,  New 
Mexico. 


It  is  apparent  to 

anyone  familiar  with  the  archeology  of  the 
ancient  Pueblos  that  the  cult  of  fire  was  of 
very  great  significance.  Every  grave  that  is 
opened  shows  that  ashes  and  charcoal  had  an 
important  part  in  mortuary  rites  and  gives 
evidence  that  a grave  fire  was  a feature  of  early  burials.  The  burial  of 
infants  under  or  near  the  hearth  was  a common  method  of  interment, 


Fig.  221. — Disk  of  painted 
wood  from  Bear  Creek 
Cave. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  22 


Painted  Wooden  Strips  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  106. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


107 


$ 


Fig.  222. — Ceremo- 

NIAL  CIGARETTE 

from  Bear  Creek 
Cave. 


and  a cemetery  near  a ruin  at  the  Cienaga  on  the  Spur  Ranch,  Luna, 
New  Mexico,  appears  to  have  been  set  apart  for  this  purpose.  It 
is  located  in  front  of  the  pueblo  near  the  walls,  and  at  intervals 
hard  burnt  clay  fireplaces  with  bosses  set  triangu- 
larly were  placed  among  the  graves.1  Cremation 
was  not  practiced  in  the  region  explored,  but  on 
the  Gila  it  was  common.  It  was  noticed  in  the 
pit  shrines  of  the  Bear  Creek  Cave  that  many 
of  the  offerings  had  been  burnt  and  that  offerings 
in  the  form  of  bundles  of  painted  rods,  perhaps 
torches,  showed  marks  of  fire.  If  it  was  the  custom 
of  the  ancient  people  of  Blue  River  to  bum  offer- 
ings, the  custom  has  not,  so  far  as  known,  been  per- 
petuated among  the  Pueblos. 

The  offering  of  smoke  in  connection  with  the 
placing  of  objects  in  shrines,  however,  is  indicated. 

Innumerable  cigarettes  of  reed  stuffed  with  herbs 

were  offered,  in  most  cases  showing  no  traces  of  fire  but  in  several 

places  reed  cigarettes  burnt  at  the  end  were  observed.  The  stone 

tubes  or  cloudblowers  whose  pur- 
pose was  for  emitting  a cloud  of 
smoke  incense  are  rarely  found  in 
the  dry  caves,  but  in  the  open-air 
ruins,  and  the  cigarette  is  perhaps 
its  substitute  as  an  offering. 
Firesticks  themselves,  invested 
with  a sacred  character,  were, 
after  being  worn  out,  placed  away  carefully  and  were  apparently 
in  some  case  offered  in  shrines.  (See  pi.  15.) 

CEREMONIAL  CIGARETTES. 

These  are  sections  of  arrow 
reed  cut  near  the  septum,  and 
they  are  among  the  most  fre- 
quent offerings  that  meet  the 
eye  in  the  ceremonial  caves. 

They  are  filled  tightly  with  frag- 
ments of  aromatic  herbs,  such 
as  artemisia,  and  other  plants 
not  determined.  When  perfect, 
these  cigarettes  have  wrappings  of  cotton,  simple  wrappings,  as 
in  figures  222  to  224,  or  complicated  and  of  several  different  colors 

1 Antiquities  of  the  Upper  Gila  and  Salt  River  Valleys,  Bulletin  35,  Bur.  Amer. 
Ethnology.  Washington,  1907,  fig.  28,  p.  64. 


223.  224. 

Figs.  223,  224. — Ceremonial  cigarettes 
from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


225.  226. 

Figs.  225,  226. — Ceremonial  cigarettes 
from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


108  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


227.  228. 

Figs.  227,  228. — Ceremonial  cigarettes  from 
Bear  Creek  Cave. 


of  cord,  as  in  figures  225  to  230.  The  prevailing  color  of  the  cord 
is  red.  In  cigarettes  from  a cave  near  Phoenix,  Arizona,  these  wrap- 
ping are  replaced  with  a woven  band  of  white  cot- 
ton. (Fig.  231.)  Some  of  these  cigarettes  have 
cords  by  which  they  were  at- 
tached to  other  offerings,  as 
bows  (figs.  232,  233),  and  to 
pahos.  (See  pi.  18.)  Some- 
times a large  and  small  ciga- 
rette or  two  of  equal  size  are 
tied  together,  conveying  some 
idea  of  the  worshiper.  (Figs. 
234—236.)  At  other  times 
three  and  four  are  bound 
together  (figs.  237,  238),  and  in  one  specimen  from  a cave  near 
Phoenix,  Arizona,  four  of  these  cigarettes  are  bound  together  with 
cotton  cord  and  held  securely 
by  a coarse  wrapping  be- 
tween the  pairs  of  tubes. 

(Figs.  239-240.)  The  offer- 
ings appear  to  refer  to  the 
four  world  quarter  idea — 
that  is,  the  regions  between 
the  cardinal  points  which 
are  assigned  to  nature  gods,  fig.  229. — ceremonial  cigarette  from  bear 
natural  phenomenon,  and  creek  cave. 

life.  (Cat.  No.  263195,  U.S.N.M.,  collected  by  F.  E.  Cooley.) 

Compound  cigarettes  are  not  often  encountered,  but  small  ciga- 
rettes occur  in  myriads,  evidently  being  offer- 
ings of  general  import,  possibly  to  the  god 
of  fire.  In  the  Tularosa  Cave  i 
these  cigarettes  have  been  burned, 
pierced,  also,  through  the  sep- 
tum, apparently  for  the  purpose 
of  smoking,  as  was  the  cus- 
tom in  ancient  Mexico.  The 
contents  of  these  cigarettes  burn 
with  a pleasant  odor,  and  there 
Fig.  280.— Ceremonial  is  no  question  but  that  they 


number  of 
They  were 


cigarette  from  Bear  were  symbolic  of  offerings  of  in- 
Creek  Cave. 

cense.1 


Fig.  231. — Ceremo- 
nial CIGARETTE 
from  Phoenix, 
Arizona. 


Another  class  of  these  reed  offerings  is  much  larger,  and  instead 
of  being  wrapped  with  cord  a string  of  beads  or  a bit  of  shell  orna- 

1 Censers  and  Incense  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  42, 
pp.  109-137,  with  pis.  3-14,  published  Apr.  17,  1912. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION, 


109 


Fig.  232. — Ceremonial  cigarette  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Fig.  233. — Ceremonial  cigarette  on  a bow  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Figs.  234-236. — Ceremonial  cigarettes,  double,  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Fig.  237. — Ceremonial  cigarette, quadruple,  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Fig.  238. — Ceremonial  cigarette,  triple,  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Figs.  239,  240. — Ceremonial  cigarettes,  quadruple,  from  Phoenix,  Arizona. 

Figs.  241,  242. — Ceremonial  cigarettes  with  bead  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


110  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


ment  is  bound  around  them  near  the  septum.  (Figs.  241-244.)  At 
present  they  are  rarely  found  to  contain  the  sacred  herbs.  This  is 
probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  tubes  are  larger  and  the  material 
has  fallen  out  in  the  course  of  time.  Another  suggestion  is  that 
these  tubes  might  have  been  offered  as  flutes.  The  larger 
tubes  are  found  in  the  inner  recesses  of  the  cave,  while 
the  smaller  cigarettes  were  deposited  in  definite  shrines 
on  the  side  of  the  cave.  The  beads  surrounding  these 
objects  are  very  fine,  and  consist  of  black 
polished  steatite,  white  limestone,  and  flu- 
orite. (Fig.  245.) 

FIRE  STICKS  AND  TORCH 
OFFERINGS. 

A number  of  worn-out 
fire  drills  and  hearths  were 
found  in  the  debris  of  this 
and  other  caves.  (See PL  15.) 


Figs.  243-245. — Ceremonial  cigarettes  with 

BEAD  OFFERING  FROM  BEAR  CREEK  CAVE. 

It  is  probable  that  when  of  no  further 
service  this  apparatus  was  laid  aside 
as  being  entitled  to  certain  respect  and 
veneration.  It  is  also  probable  that 
fire  sticks  were  kept  on  hand  to  be 
used  at  the  time  of  the  offerings  in 
Bear  Creek  Cave,  as  spoken  of  previously,  and  that  in  making  the 
offerings  the  fire  was  set  to  a bunch  of  painted  rods  forming  a 
torch.  Figure  246  ay  h,  shows  details  of  construction.  This  bundle 
of  rods  is  painted  red  and  white  and  is  wrapped  together  with  yucca 
and  cotton  around  a yucca  flower  stalk.  Two  of  the  rods  are  in- 


Fig.  246. — Torch  of  rods  from  Bear 
Creek  Cave. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


Ill 


closed  in  the  hollow  stalk.  The  rods  are  burnt  off  at  one  end,  and  the 
bundle  was  found  in  place  in  a shrine,  where  it  had  been  deposited. 
It  is  5 inches  in  length.  (Cat.  No.  232202,  U.S.N.M.). 

CLOUD  BLOWERS. 

These  are  stone  tubes  from  small  to  large  size  used  for  blowing  a 
cloud  of  smoke  incense  in  ceremonies.  The  smaller  specimens,  usually 
of  hard  material,  have  been  called  pipes,  but  there 
is  really  no  discrimination  as  to  use  between  them 
and  the  large  cloud  blowers,  and  the  name  is  only 
retained  for  convenience  of  description.  Concern- 
ing their  use,  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  says: 

The  Indians  of  Tusayan  smoke  the  leaves  of  various  plants 
and  use  various  mixtures  in  their  religious  rites.  In  these  Fig.  247. — Pipe  in 
rites  the  one  who  controls  the  pipe,  and  who  is  an  important  process  from 

functionary,  must  light  it  and  immediately  hand  it  to  the  Tularosa  Cave. 

chief,  friendly  words  being  exchanged  between  the  two.  The  chief  blows  from 
his  mouth  the  smoke  which  he  has  inhaled  toward  the  four  cardinal  points, 
north,  south,  east,  west,  upward,  downward,  and  over  the  altar.  They  believe 
that  the  smoke  is  the  cloud  symbolized  by  it ; and  the  ceremonies  in  which  they 
smoke  have  some  secret  relation  to  the  offerings  made  to  the  gods  of  rain. 
They  use  the  utmost  care  in  making  the  mixtures  of  tobacco  which  are  to  serve 
for  this  sacred  purpose,  and  the  pipe  must  be  lit  with  the  fire  produced  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  the  rite.  Every  ceremony  and  council  meeting  of  chiefs 
begins  and  ends  with  this  brotherly  smoking.1 

The  small  tubular  pipe  is  rarely  met  with  in  this 
region,  in  marked  contrast  with  the  number  found 
in  northern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  It  would 
appear  that  in  the  South,  the  place  of  the  pipe  is 
taken  by  the  cigarette,  whose  use  was  prevalent  in 
Mexico  from  ancient  times,  and  whose  range  in  the 
United  States  appears  to  be  local  to  the  Pueblo 
region.  Of  the  present  tribes  the  Zuni  alone  per- 
petuate the  reed  cigarette,  and  they  are  also  unique 
in  not  using  pipes  in  ceremonies. 

A pipe  in  process  of  manufacture  is  of  coarse- 
grained, gray,  hard,  volcanic  stone  worked  into 
cylindrical  form  and  drilled  through  a portion  of 
its  length.  (Fig.  247.)  This  specimen  is  shaped 
]ike  those  found  in  the  Petrified  Forest  region  of  Arizona,  a type 
which  is  rare  here.  (Cat.  No.  246472,  U.S.N.M.  Diameter,  £ inch; 
length,  If  inches.  Tularosa  Cave.)  Another  small  pottery  object 
resembling  a pipe  is  from  the  Spur  Eanch.  It  measures  f inch  in 
diameter  and  If  inches  long.  (Fig.  248,  Cat.  No.  231991,  U.S.N.M.) 

1 Report  of  the  United  States  commission  to  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at 
Madrid,  1892-93.  With  special  papers.  Washington,  1895,  p.  283. 


Fig.  248. — Pipe  of 

POTTERY  FROM 

Spur  Ranch. 


112  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

A pipe  or  small  cloud  blower  made  from  altered  serpentine,  the 

exterior  polished  and  the  interior  bored  out  with  a flint  drill  is 

shown  in  figure  249.  Judging  from  the  bore  the 

stone  was  difficult  to  work.  The  lower  portion  of  the 

tube  is  ground  off  diagonally  on  account  of  fracture 

of  the  stone,  or  from  preference.  (Cat.  No.  170535, 

U.S.N.M.  Diameter,  1 inch ; length,  2 inches.  Tula- 

rosa  River,  New  Mexico.  Collected  by  Henry  Hales. ) 

Another  small  cloud  blower  is  made  of  fine  tufa,  the 

surface  smoothly  finished  and  bearing  traces  of  paint. 

The  specimen  is  unfinished.  A hole  is  drilled  in 

the  lip  near  the  orifice.  (Fig.  250,  Cat.  No.  170534, 

fig.  249. — Pipe  of  U.S.N.M.  Diameter,  1 \ inches ; length,  2§  inches. 

serpentine  from  Tularosa  River,  New  Mexico.  Collected  by  Henry 
Tularosa  River.  7 j j 

Hales.) 

Among  the  objects  whose  manufacture  requires  more  than  ordi- 
nary skill  are  the  large  tubes  of  stone  which  are  called  cloud  blowers. 
Although  made  of  comparatively  soft  material,  usually 
tuff,  they  must  have  entailed  a great  deal  of  patient 
labor,  especially  in  driving  the  central  orifice  through 
the  tube.  In  some  cases  this  was  accomplished  by 
repeated  thrusts  with  a stone  implement,  the  specimen 
showing  on  the  interior  many  scorings.  In  many 
smaller  tubes  the  boring  was  accomplished,  appar- 
ently, with  a large  stick  and  sand. 

Cloud  blowers  are  usually  large  and  are  of  two 
forms,  one  having  a shoulder  cut  around  it  at  the 
upper  third,  and  tapering  from  thence  to  the  orifice; 
the  other  has  a raised  band  around  the  upper  portion,  or  a groove 
takes  the  place  of  the  band.  They  vary  in  length  from  4 to  14  inches. 

Some  years  ago  a cloud  blower  of  excellent  shape 
was  found  in  a cave  25  miles  west  of  Springer ville, 
Arizona,  by  E.  W.  Nelson.  It  is  worked  from  coarse 
yellow-brown  tufa,  and  finished  as  carefully  as  the 
material  allows  (fig.  251),  and  is  discolored  some- 
what at  the  base  and  on  the  interior.  The  base  has 
been  worked  out  with  a sharp  stone  tool  by  way  of 
the  larger  end.  The  specimen  may  be  regarded  as 
the  typical  form  of  cloud  blower.  (Cat.  No.  97734, 
U.S.N.M.  Length,  4J  inches;  diameter,  2J  inches.) 

The  longest  specimen  (fig.  252)  is  from  the  Upper 
San  Francisco  River.  It  measures  13f  inches  in 
length  and  2|  inches  in  diameter,  but  perhaps  an 
inch  has  broken  away  from  the  upper  end.  The  material  is  tufa,  and 
the  exterior  smoothly  finished.  No  traces  of  paint  remain,  but  no 


Fig.  251. — Small 

CLOUD  BLOWER 
FROM  SPRINGER- 
ville,  Arizona. 


Fig.  250. — Small 

CLOUD  BLOWER 

from  Tularosa 
River. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


113 


doubt  the  specimen  was  originally  decorated  and  repainted  each  time 
it  was  used  in  ceremony,  following  the  usages  of  the  present  Pueblos 
as  to  cult  objects.  This  fine  specimen  was  collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson.  (Cat.  No.  98228,  U.S.N.M.) 

Another  cloud  blower  of  this  type 
is  of  brown  tufa  and  is  in  good  pres- 
ervation. (Fig. 


V. 


Fig.  253. — Cloud 

BLOWER  FROM 

Blue. 


253.)  It  was  found 
in  the  Martin  ruin 
at  Blue,  Arizona. 


Fig.  254. — Cloud 

BLOWER  FROM 

upper  San  Fran- 
cisco River. 


Fig.  255. — Cloud 

BLOWER  FROM 
Arizona. 


Fig.  252. — Cloud 

BLOWER  FROM 

upper  San  Fran- 
cisco River. 


(Cat,  No.  596, 

Gates  collection. 

Diameter,  2 -J 
inches;  length, 

6J  inches.)  One  of  tufa  (fig. 

254)  has  a shorter  terminal  than 
usual.  The  specimen  is  well  finished.  (Collected 
at  Alma,  New  Mexico,  by  E.  W.  Nelson.  Cat.  No. 
109794,  U.S.N.M.  Diameter,  2£  inches;  length,  5J 
inches.)  A specimen  of  excellent  form  (fig.  255)  is  also  of  tufa. 
Its  exact  locality  is  not  known  but  it  belongs  with  the  specimens  de- 
scribed. (Cat.  No.  216172,  U.S.N.M. 

Arizona.  Collected  by  C.  A.  Deane.) 

A rude  specimen  of  tufa,  painted  red, 
is  constricted  at  the  upper  end  (fig. 

256)  apparently  combining  the  col- 
lar and  groove.  (Cat.  No.  231902, 

U.S.N.M.  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New 
Mexico.  Diameter,  2J  inches ; length, 

5 inches.)  A plain  specimen  of  large 
diameter  of  tufa,  painted  red,  is 
shown  in  figure  257.  (Cat.  No.  98226, 

U.S.N.M.  Upper  San  Francisco 
River,  New  Mexico.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson.  Diameter,  3J  inches;  length,  8 
inches.)  A large  specimen  of  the  collar  type  was 
found  in  a ceremonial  room  of  the  Spur  Ranch 
coarse  tufa  and  was  painted  red. 

14278°— Bull.  87—14 9 


Fig.  256. — Cloud 

BLOWER  FROM 

Spur  Ranch. 


Fig.  257. — Cloud 

BLOWER  FROM 

upper  San  Fran- 
cisco River. 


rum. 


It  is  of 
(Fig.  258.)  Only  half  of  the 


114  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Fig.  258. — Cloud 

BLOWER  FROM 
Spur  Ranch. 


specimen  remains.  (Cat.  No.  231904,  U.S.N.M.  Diameter,  4 inches; 
length,  8f  inches.) 

An  unusual  cloud  blower  made  of  fine  grained  yellow  tufa  smoothly 
finished  on  the  exterior,  and  painted  red-brown,  and  striped  with 
darker  brown  (fig.  259),  has  the  interior  hollowed  out  by  vertical 
gouging  and  working  with  a sharp  stone  tool 
from  either  end  producing  an  hourglass-shaped 
cavity.  Midway  between  the  top  and  bottom  of 
the  specimen  a hole  has  been  drilled  through  the 
wall  of  the  pipe  ( a ),  and  near  the  lower  margin 
a series  of  5 holes  have  been  drilled,  which  it  is 
suggested  were  intended  to  promote  the  draught 
of  the  blower.  It  appears,  therefore,  that  this 
blower  was  not  used  in  the  customary  way  by 
ejecting  the  smoke  with  the  breath,  but  that  it 
was  set  upright  on  the  ground  or  some  support 
and  the  herbs  thrown  in  on  the  charcoal,  the 
smoke  naturally  rising  through  the  holes.  Near 
the  upper  edge  a groove  has  been  cut  around  the 
blower  for  the  passage  of  a cord  to  which  feathers 
may  have  been  attached.  The  cloud  blower  was 
found  with  other  ceremonial  objects  in  a large  room  of  the  great 
ruin  near  the  Spur  Ranch  house  of  Montague  Stevens,  near  Luna, 
New  Mexico.  (Cat.  No.  231903,  U.S.N.M.  Length,  5 inches;  upper 
diameter,  2J;  lower  diameter,  If  inches.) 


COSTUME  PAHOS. 


In  the  Bear  Creek  shrines  there  were 
many  bundles  of  cord  which  are  evidently 
parts  of  costume  worn  about  the  loins 
like  the  two  bark  skirts,  front  and  back, 
worn  by  the  Mohave,  Cocopa,  and  other 
far  southwestern  tribes  within  30  years. 

Plate  23,  figure  1,  consists  of  a bundle 
of  red  cords  (outside)  and  a bundle  of 
black  cords  (inside)  secured  at  the  bend 
with  a thick  red  cotton  cord.  (Cat.  No. 

232161,  U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek  Cave.) 

Figure  2 consists  of  a bundle  of  red- 
brown  cord  tied  at  the  bend  with  a red  cotton  cord  which  is 
shown  at  the  right.  (Cat.  No.  232160,  U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek  Cave.) 

In  respect  to  other  offerings  of  costume  there  were  found  in  Bear 
Creek  Cave  a few  sandals,  but  these  were  of  the  usual  size,  had  been 


H 

b 

Fig.  259. — Cloud  blower  from 
Spur  Ranch. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  23 


Costume  Pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  114. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


115 


much  worn  and  were  probably  cast  away  by  the  worshipers.  The 
textiles  of  which  only  fragments  remained  were  parts  of  costume  also 
cast  away.  J.  H.  Cosper,  who  lives  near  Bear  Creek,  informs  me  that 
about  1904  a school-teacher  removed  from  the  cave  a cotton  towel,  as 
he  describes  it,  which  was  probably  a woman’s  apron. 

POTTERY  FIGURINES. 

There  occur  in  the  ruins  of  the  Gila-Salt  region  and  also  other 
ancient  Pueblo  localities,  small,  rude,  pottery  figurines  of  animals, 
and  these  are  in  sufficient  number  to  give  rise  to  the  belief  that  they 
are  not  mere  children’s  toys  or  crude  efforts  of  the  small  potter.  The 
difficulty  of  explaining  their  intent  is  much  increased  by  the  absence 
of  such  objects  in  graves,  shrines,  caves  (except  Tularosa,  an  in- 
habited cave),  ceremonial  rooms,  etc.,  and  their  prevalence  in  the 
filled-in  areas  around  open-air  villages.  They  represent  several 
species  of  animals,  are  usually  perforated  longitudinally,  and  are  gen- 
erally in  a fragmentary  condition.  None  shows  traces  of  pigment, 
but  some  of  them  (fig.  264),  are  marked  with  incisions  indicating  the 
pelage  of  the  animal.  The  perforation  would  indicate  that  they  were 
strung  and  were  perhaps  worn  as  a fetish.  Other  suggestions  are 
that  they  were  in  part  attachments  to  vessels  as  handles,  a feature 
somewhat  common  in  the  western  part  of  the  Pueblo  region,  or  they 
were  designed  as  offerings  for  the  increase  of  animals  like  those  used 
by  the  Hopi  in  the  Soyaluna  ceremony  and  by  the  Acoma  at  the  feast 
of  St.  Stephen,  etc. 

A list  of  these  objects  follows: 

Figure  260,  Cat.  No.  246527.  Tularosa  Cave,  New  Mexico. 

Figure  261,  Cat.  No.  245962.  Luna,  New  Mexico. 

Figure  262,  Cat.  No.  245966.  Luna. 

Figure  263,  Cat.  No.  245967.  Luna. 

Figure  264,  Cat.  No.  231906.  Spur  Ranch. 

Figure  265,  Cat.  No.  231908.  Luna. 

Figure  266,  Cat.  No.  232007.  Luna. 

Figure  267,  Cat.  No.  232006.  Cienaga  ruin,  Spur  Ranch,  Luna, 
New  Mexico. 

Figure  268,  Cat.  No.  231907.  Spur  Ranch. 

Figures  269,  270,  Cat.  No.  231929  a and  h.  Spur  Ranch. 

Figure  271,  Cat.  No.  231820.  Spur  Ranch. 

Figure  272,  Cat.  No.  232006.  Luna. 

Figure  273,  Cat.  No.  231929.  Spur  Ranch. 

Figure  274,  Cat.  No.  231930.  Luna,  and 

Figure  275,  Cat.  No.  245968.  Luna. 


Fig.  260. — Pottery  figurine  from  Tularosa  Cave. 

Figs.  261-263. — Pottery  figurines  from  Luna,  New  Mexico. 
Fig.  264. — Pottery  figurine  from  Spur  Ranch. 

Figs.  265,  266. — Pottery  figurines  from  Luna,  New  Mexico. 
Figs.  267-271. — Pottery  figurines  from  Spur  Ranch. 

Fig.  272. — Pottery  figurine  from  Luna,  New  Mexico. 

Fig.  273. — Pottery  figurine  from  Spur  Ranch. 

Figs.  274,  275. — Pottery  figurines  from  Luna,  New  Mexico. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION.  117 

The  specimen,  figure  264,  appears  to  represent  a dog,  and  others  in 
the  group  probably  have  the  same  original.  Pottery  figurines  un- 
doubtedly of  this  animal,  executed  with  considerable  spirit,  were 
taken  from  the  ancient  Hopi  ruins  in  the  Jettyto  Valley  by  the 
writer.1 

Bird  figurines  are  invariably  made  to  repre- 
sent a hollow  vessel  (fig.  276,  Cat.  No.  231915, 

U.S.N.M.),  and  probably  have  a different  pur- 
pose from  the  figurines  described.  The  figure 
represents  a duck,  and  may  have  either  been 
used  as  an  offering  or  to  contain  some  sacred 
substance  used  in  cult.  (Length,  2^  inches; 
width,  If  inches;  height,  If  inches.  Spur  Ranch,  Luna,  New  Mex- 
ico.) What  appears  to  be  a hand  figurine  was  found  in  Tularosa 
Cave  (fig.  277,  Cat.  No.  246526,  U.S.N.M.),  and  its  possible  connec- 
tion with  the  hand  censer  of  Mexico  may  be  suggested. 


Fig.  276. — Pottery 

FIGURINE  FROM  SPUR 

Ranch. 


Fig.  277. — Pottery  figurine 
from  Tularosa  Cave. 


SPRING  PAHOS. 

In  clearing  out  springs  the  settlers  of 
the  Southwest  have  often  found  small  pot- 
tery, beads,  shells,  etc.,  in  the  debris,  show- 
ing that  the  custom  of  offering  to  springs 
had  been  quite  common  among  the  Pueblo 
Indians.  Studies  made  of  the  present 
Pueblos  indicate  that  the  custom  is  still  kept  up,  and  the  spring 
worship  is  known  to  be  very  important  now  as  it  was  in  ancient 
times.  The  usual  offering,  or  the  commonest  offering,  that  has,  from 
its  durability,  come  down  to  us  is  of  pottery,  and  from  some  springs, 
like  that  noble  fountain  which  is  the  source  of 
Apache  Creek  in  the  Gallo  Mountains,  great 
quantities  of  miniature  vessels  have  been  taken. 

These  were  ordinarily  very  rudely  formed,  only 
suggestive  of  the  domestic  vessels  (figs.  278- 
284),  and  among  these  are  squared  forms,  as 
in  figure  280,  which  do  not  occur  in  the  pottery 
of  the  region.  Coiled  vessels  (fig.  284)  and 
vessels  showing  obscure  coiling  lines  (figs.  285, 

286)  occur.  Sometimes  well-finished  vessels  of 
ordinary  size  (fig.  287,  Cat.  No.  245787,  U.S.N.M.,  3 inches  high,  of 
polished  red-brown  ware)  were  deposited,  no  doubt  from  the  nearer 
villages,  from  which  transportation  would  be  easy.  Pahos  were  no 
doubt  placed  in  the  water,  but  these  perishable  offerings  soon  disap- 
peared. Larger  objects  of  wood,  in  the  form  of  a snake,  have 


Fig.  278. — Pottery  offer- 
ing from  Gallo  Spring. 


1 Rep.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1901,  pi.  96. 


118  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


sometimes  survived.  It  is  probable  that  the  beads  found  in  the  sands 
of  springs  were  thrown  in  with  the  offerings.  The  spring  worship 
is  a part  of  the  general  attitude  held  by  the  Pueblo  Indians  toward 
water  in  its  several  forms.1 


279.  280.  281.  282. 


Figs.  279-282. — Pottery  of.ferings  from  Gallo  Spring. 


MOUNTAIN  PAHOS. 

The  mountain  worship,  like  the  spring  worship,  has  a continuous 
history  from  ancient  times,  and  it  is  possible  that  the  sites  of  the 


283.  284.  285.  286. 


Figs.  283-285. — Pottery  offerings  from  Gallo  Spring. 

FUG.  286. — Pottery  offering  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

present  shrines  have  been  in  use  for  many  centuries.  Some  of  the 
shrines  have  accumulations  of  pottery  or  beads  which  would  repre- 
sent the  gradual  accretions  of  a long  period. 
The  origin  of  this  form  of  religious  observ- 
ance is  thought  to  be  connected  with  sky 
worship;  that  is,  the  worship  of  beings 
who  can  be  approached  on  the  heights.  The 
Pueblos  generally,  however,  perceive  the 
connection  of  mountains  with  cloud  forma- 
tion and  precipitation  and  venerate  them  as 
sources  of  water.  The  Hopi,  for  instance, 
call  the  San  Francisco  Mountains  “Nuvati- 
kiobi,”  the  abode  of  the  snow,  and  believe 
it  to  be  the  house  of  certain  cachinas.  From  this  triple  mountain, 
which  is  in  sight  from  a number  of  villages,  the  Hopi  can  see  the 

1 Sacred  Springs  in  the  Southwest,  Records  of  the  Past,  vol.  5,  pt.  6,  June,  1906,  pp. 
163-169. 


Fig.  287. — Pottery  offering 
from  Gallo  Spring. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OE  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


119 


storms  progress  toward  their  fields  many  miles  away  and  which  may 
water  their  crops.  On  the  east  also  a mountain  sends  out  great  masses 
of  cumuli,  which  float  above  the  villages  in  August.  It  is  possible, 


Figs.  288,  289. — Pottery  offerings  from  Apache  Creek. 
Fig.  290. — Pottery  offering  from  Luna,  New  Mexico. 
Fig.  291. — Pottery  offering  from  Spur  Ranch. 


therefore,  that  the  mountain  worship  is  a part  of  water  worship.  The 
small  pottery  frequently  found  on  the  village  sites  is  the  same  as 


292.  293.  294.  295. 


Figs.  292-295. — Pottery  offerings  from  Spur  Ranch. 


that  deposited  in  the  springs  and  in  caves.  Two  vessels  from  Apache 
Creek  (figs.  288  and  289)  and  several  from  Spur  Ranch  and  Luna 


296.  297.  298. 

Fig.  296. — Pottery  offering  from  Spur  Ranch. 

Figs.  297,  298. — Pottery  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


(figs.  290  to  296)  illustrate  these  objects.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  the  Hopi  and  other  of  the  modern  Pueblos  make  extended  use 
of  small  pottery  in  cult,  depositing  them  in  shrines  after  decorating 


120  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


them  with  feathers  and  filling  them  with  water,  meal,  or  other  sub- 
stances, or  these  vessels  may  be  used  in  bringing  small  quantities  of 


300.  301. 

FIgs.  299-302. — Pottery  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


water  from  sacred  springs,  etc.  The  Bear  Creek  Cave  contained 
numerous  small  pottery  offerings,  which  had  been  placed  in  the  pits 


303.  304.  305. 

Figs.  303-305. — Pottery  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

in  the  floor,  together  with  baskets,  cigarettes,  pahos,  miniature  bows 
and  arrows,  and  other  cult  objects.  The  pottery  offerings  from  Bear 


306. 


307. 


308. 


Figs.  306-308. — Pottery  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


Creek  Cave  show  greater  variety  and  more  careful  manufacture  than 
those  from  the  springs  or  village  sites.  They  consist  of  coiled  vases 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION.  121 

(fig.  297),  sometimes  with  cotton  cord  remaining  around  the  neck 
(fig.  298)  ; coiled  vases  with  handles  (figs.  299,  300,  and  301)  ; plain 
vases  (fig.  302),  sometimes  joined  in  pairs  with  yucca  cord  (fig. 
303)  or  with  handles  (figs.  304  and  305)  ; or  larger  plain  vases  (fig. 

306) ,  sometimes  perforated  for  attachment  of  feather  cords  (fig. 

307) .  There  are  plain  deep  bowls  (fig.  308),  shallow  coiled  bowls 
(fig.  309),  and  occasionally  a bowl  of  deep  form  with  extremely  fine 
coiling.  (Fig.  310.)  One  specimen  of  the  pilgrim  jar  form  with 


309.  310. 

Figs.  309,  310. — Pottery  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


handle  was  found.  ( Fig.  311. ) Bowls  perforated  through  the  bottom, 
designed  for  placing  on  paho  sticks,  are  shown  in  figs.  312  (outline  at 
top)  and  313  (outline  at  top),  the  latter  having  bright-colored  cords 
which  were  attached  to  it  at  the  time  of  offering.  An  excellent  speci- 
men of  this  form  is  a small  napiform  vase  of  brown  ware  decorated 
with  waved  lines  in  white  pigment  mixed  with  an  aqueous  medium. 


311.  312.  313. 

Figs.  311-313. — Pottery  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


(Fig.  314  a.)  The  vase  has  a hole  neatly  drilled  through  the  middle 
of  the  bottom  (fig.  314  b)  by  means  of  which  it  was  drawn  on  the 
rod  which  formed  part  of  the  offering.  The  design  probably  repre- 
sents falling  rain  and  the  offering  relates  to  a prayer  for  rain,  the 
vase  standing  as  a symbol  of  water.  The  bottom  of  the  vase  is 
painted  black.  (Cat.  No.  232248,  U.S.N.M. ; diameter,  3 inches; 
height,  2J  inches.) 


122  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

A very  interesting  offering  consists  of  a miniature  coiled  bowl 
of  red-brown  ware  with  polychrome  decoration  in  red,  white, 
and  black,  applied  moist  on  the  baked  pottery  (fig.  135  «),  the  de- 
sign, birds  with  interlocking  bills  and  chevrons  of  still  more  eon- 


Fig.  314. — Pottery  offering  with  painted  design  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


ventionalized  bird  forms.  The  detail  of  the  design  is  given  in  fig- 
ure 315  b.  This  striking  bit  of  pottery,  which  evidences  the  aesthetic 
taste  of  its  maker,  is  the  first  of  its  kind  to  be  described,  and  it  was  not 
known  previously  that  ancient  Pueblo  pottery  was  ever  decorated  in 


a 


Fig.  316. — Design  on  pottery  offering 
from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


this  manner.  The  hole  in  the  middle 
of  the  bottom  appears  to  have  been 
formed  at  the  time  the  vessel  was 
made.  (Cat.  No.  232258,  U.S.N.M.) 

A design  on  a pottery  offering  is 
shown  in  figure  316.  The  specimen 
is  of  delicate  coil,  accurately  finished  red-brown  ware  decorated  in 
black  water  color,  the  design,  apparently  bird  forms,  applied  in 
overlapping  or  puzzle  series.  This  offering  was  secured  to  its  paho 
rod  as  in  several  preceding  figures.  (Cat.  No.  232259,  U.S.N.M.) 


Fig.  315. — Pottery  offering  with 

PAINTED  DESIGN  FROM  BEAR  CREEK 

Cave. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  24 


Coiled  Painted  Basket  Pahos  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


for  explanation  of  plate  see  page  123. 


ANOIENT  PUEBLOS  OP  UPPER  GILA  REGlOtf. 


123 


BASKETRY  PAHOS. 

It  is  quite  evident  that  baskets  were  frequently  used  as  mortuary 
offerings,  and  they  have  also  an  extensive  use  in  connection  with 
ceremonies  of  the  present  Pueblos.  There 
is,  however,  but  one  instance,  so  far  as  I 
am  aware,  of  miniature  baskets  being 
used  as  offerings,  and  that  is  in  connec- 
tion with  the  toy  bows  and  arrows  given 
to  the  Zuni  children  by  the  sacred  Ivoko 
dancers.  The  numerous  basketry  offer- 
ings found  in  Bear  Creek  Cave  can 
scarcely  be  related  to  any  present  cus- 
toms. The  fact,  also,  that  the  specimens 
are  painted  in  different  native  colors 
separates  them  from  any  similar  objects 
at  present  among  the  Pueblos.  One  of 
these  baskets  attached  to  the  paho  stick 
is  shown  in  figure  317,  Cat.  No.  246138, 

U.S.N.M.  A series  of  these  specimens 
is  shown  on  plate  24.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  all  the  specimens  have  holes  through 
the'  bottom  for  the  stick,  although  the 
sticks  have  disappeared  in  the  course  of 
time.1  The  largest  is  4 J inches  in  diam-  FlG* 317  — basket  paho  from 
eter,  the  smallest  3 inches. 

A curious  basket  paho,  shown  in  figure  318,  is  made  of  dasylirion 
splints  by  the  lapping  method,  as  in  the  Mohave  carrying  baskets. 


Fig.  318. — Basket  paho  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


The  detail  of  starting  the  weaving  is  shown  at  a.  The  basket  ap- 
pears to  be  a model  of  a carrying  frame  used  among  the  southern 

1 Catalogue  numbers,  beginning  at  the  upper  left  hand  of  the  plate,  236134,  236141, 
236133,  236131,  24.6133,  232089,  246138,  236140. 


124  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Arizona  tribes.  (Cat.  No.  232099,  U.S.N.M.;  diameter,  4J  inches; 
height,  2J  inches.) 

DESIGNS  ON  PAINTED  BASKET  PAHOS. 

A number  of  remarkable  painted  baskets  were  found  in  the  shrines 
on  the  floor  of  Bear  Creek  Cave.  They  are  all  coiled  and  nearly  all 
“ lazy  stitch  ” in  which  the  sewing  into  the  succeeding  coil  is  at  inter- 
vals, the  remainder  of  the  coil  be- 
tween the  stitches  being  covered 
by  a winding  of  the  sewing  splint. 


Fig.  319. — Design  on  basket  paho  Fig.  320. — Design  on  basket  paho  from 

from  Bear  Creek  Cave.  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Professor  Mason  remarked  at  the  time  the  baskets  were  brought  to 
the  Museum  that  heretofore  the  “ lazy  stitch  ” had  only  been  observed 
in  California.  Painted  baskets  also  were  previous  to  this  time  un- 
known to  collectors,  although  white,  frequently,  and  sometimes  blue 
are  applied  as  a wash  to  portions  of  the  design  of  Hopi  decorated 
wicker  plaques. 

The  designs  are  drawn  on  the  exterior  of  these  paho  baskets,  and  it 
will  be  seen  that  they  are  intended  to  be  placed* on  the  paho  stick 


Fig.  321. — Design  on  basket  paho  from  Fig.  322. — Design  on  basket  paho  from 
Bear  Creek  Cave.  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


inverted,  almost  all  of  them  having  a hole  in  the  bottom  for  the  pass- 
ing through  of  the  rod.  The  interior  of  the  basket  is  often  covered 
with  a coating  of  red,  or  may  be  left  plain. 

Figure  319,  simple  design,  formed  by  covering  halves  of  the  basket 
with  red  and  black. 

Figure  320,  star  design,  dividing  the  basket  into  segments  which 
field  of  basket,  red.  (Cat.  No.  246141,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  321,  star  design  in  black  at  apex;  wave  design  at  margin; 
field  of  basket,  red.  (Cat.  No.  246141,  U.S.N.M.) 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


125 


Figure  322,  stepped  design  in  red,  black,  and  plain.  Apex  design, 
four-cloud  figures  in  motion.  (Cat.  No.  246135,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  323,  design  in  black,  edged  with  green  and  plain;  variety 
of  terrace  pattern  (clouds). 

Figure  324,  terrace  cloud  design  in  black,  red,  and  green  and  plain 
splint  color.  (Cat.  No.  246134  U.S.N.M.) 


Fig.  323. — Design  on  basket  paho  from 
Bear  Creek  Cave. 


Figure  325,  terrace  cloud  design  in  black,  red,  and  splint  color. 
(Cat,  No.  232089,  U.S.N.M.) 

Figure  326,  basket  regularly  sewed  with  black  and  straw  color 
splints,  and  the  design  which  appears  to  represent  stars  and  clouds 
shows  on  the  interior.  (Cat.  No.  246128,  U.S.N.M.) 


Fig.  325. — Design  on  basket  paho  Fig.  326. — Design  on  basket  paho  from 

from  Bear  Creek  Cave.  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


FLUTE  PAHOS. 

Offerings  which  evidently  represent  flutes  occur  in  the  Bear  Creek 
Cave.  The  most  perfect  specimen  (fig.  331)  is  of  basketry,  worked  by 
the  diaper-twilled  method  over  a wooden  rod,  and  expanded  at  the 
upper  end  to  form  the  bell  of  the  flute.  An  extra  weaving  of  cord 
worked  in  the  splints  is  shown  in  darker  shading  in  the  drawing. 
(Cat.  No.  232092,  U.S.N.M.;  length,  9J  inches;  diameter  of  bell,  4^ 
inches.) 

Another  specimen  (fig.  329)  consists  of  the  pithy  stem  of  some 
plant,  overlaid  with  diaper  work  of  narrow  splints  in  black  and  nat- 
ural color.  The  weaving  is  very  even  and  the  pattern  good.  The 


126  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


work  was  started  near  the  base,  where  a twining  of  cord  of  yucca 
fiber  held  the  splints  in  position.  The  upper  end  is  burnt  away  and 
it  is  not  possible  to  determine  whether  the  flute  terminated 
in  a bell.  A section  is  shown  at  top.  (Cat.  No.  232093, 
U.S.N.M.;  length,  10^  inches;  diameter,  $ inch.) 

An  interesting  specimen  of  a conventional  flute 
consists  of  the  pithy  flower  stalk  of  some  plant 
decorated  in  black  pigment  with  bas- 
ket pattern.  (Fig.  327.)  The  design 
is  intricate  and  well  worked  out.  One 
end  of  the  flute  is  burned  away.  A 
section  is  shown  at  top.  (Cat.  No. 
246050,  U.S.N.M. ; length,  11J  inches ; 
diameter,  f inch.) 

Another  flute  paho  (fig. 
330)  consists  of  a section  of 
yucca  flower  stalk  decorated 


327. 


y 


328. 


1 


w 


•i! 


329. 


330. 


331. 


Figs.  327,  330. — Flute  paho,  painted  design,  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

Fig.  328. — Flute  with  burnt  ornament  from  Tularosa  Cave- 
Figs.  329,  331. — Flute  pahos  of  basketry  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 

with  a basket  design  in  red  and  black  zigzags.  (Cat.  No.  246050,  &, 
U.S.N.M.;  length,  12J  inches;  diameter,  f inch.) 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


127 


From  the  Tularosa  Cave,  New  Mexico,  comes  a well-preserved 
flute  made  from  a joint  of  reed,  the  natural  septums  closing  the 
blowing  end,  the  other  end 
open.  (Fig.  328.)  It  is  fur- 
nished with  five  finger  holes 
and  a mouth  hole,  pierced 
through  the  walls  of  the 
reed  by  burning.  The  area 
around  the  finger  holes  bears 
radiating  lines  skillfully 
burnt  in  and  a band  around 
the  body  of  the  flute  is 
drawn  by  the  same  method. 

The  length  of  the  flute  is  10 
inches;  the  diameter  f inch. 

(Cat.  No.  246363,  U.S.N.M.) 

A similar  flute  was  found 
in  the  Bear  Creek  Cave  on 
Blue  River,  Arizona.  These 
flutes  do  not  appear  to  be  offerings,  but  objects  of  customary  use. 


332. 


334. 


Figs.  332-334. — Reed  dice  offerings  from  Bear 
Creek  Cave. 


GAME  PAHOS. 

Games  associated  with  ceremonies  are  sometimes  found  among  the 
offerings.  Of  these  the  reed  dice  are  most  frequent  and  are  interest- 
ing illustrations  of  dec- 
oration by  methods  of 
engraving,  painting, 
and  burning.  Figure 

332  has  the  reverse 
painted  black,  the  ob- 
verse engraved;  figure 

333  «,  b shows  the  front 
and  back  of  a die  dec- 
orated with  good  de- 
sign; figure  334  a , b 
shows  an  engraved  and 
painted  band  on  the 
front  and  back,  re- 
spectively. (Cat.  No. 
246579,  U.S.N.M.,  Bear 
Creek  Cave;  length,  3 
inches.)  An  original 

bundle  of  cane  dice  tied  with  a yucca  cord  is  shown  in  figure  335  a and 
the  obverse  and  reverse  markings  produced  by  burning  in  the  du- 
plicate drawings  bb , cc , and  dd.  The  fourth  die,  £,  is  plain.  (Cat. 


Fig.  335. — Reed  dice  offerings  from  Tularosa  C'ave. 


128  BULLETIN  81,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


No.  246575,  U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek  Cave;  length  If  inches.)  A set  of 
four  cane  dice  were  found  at  Chevlon,  near  Winslow,  Arizona,  in 
the  ruins  of  a large  pueblo,  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes,1  and  also 
figured  by  Stewart  Culin.2  All  the  information  available  on  the 
subject  may  be  found  in  the  latter  report.  The  lower  section  of  plate 
25  shows  a set  of  13  bone  dice  (one  small  die  not  appearing),  the 
skin  bag  container  and  tying  string  of  yucca  fiber.  The  dice  have 
been  coated  with  gray  mud  on  one  side  and  some  of  these  bear 

under  the  coating.  The  specimen 
was  found  intact  in  the  debris  of 
Tularosa  Cave.  The  large  dice  are 
five-eighths  and  the  smaller  three- 
eighths  inch  in  diameter.  ( Cat.  N o. 
246361,  U.S.N.M.) 

A number  of  bowed  sticks  (figs. 
1-6,  pi.  25),  found  in  Bear  Creek 
Cave,  were  identified  by  Stewart 
Culin  as  tipcat  sticks.  Figure  1 is 
cut  out  and  scarfed  at  intervals  to 
secure  an  even  bend  and  the  other 
sticks  are  scarfed  on  one  side.  They 
are  painted  in  ceremonial  colors — 
red  with  black  bands  near  either 
end.  Length,  6-8  inches.  (Cat.  Nos. 
246025, 246361,  U.S.N.M.)  Several 
of  the  sticks  show  traces  of  a wrap- 
ping which  was  bound  around  the 
middle.  Other  objects  connected 
with  games  are  shown  in  the  sec- 
tion on  stone,  page  21,  and  it  is 
probable  that  certain  rings  (pi.  12)  and  other  specimens  in  the  col- 
lection may  be  related  to  games. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PAHOS. 

A paho  in  the  form  of  a cross  was  found  in  a small  cave  on  the 
San  Francisco  River,  a short  distance  above  the  mouth  of  Blue  River, 
Arizona.  It  is  composed  of  two  halved  stalks  of  yucca,  the  shorter  tied 
at  right  angles  on  the  longer  by  means  of  wrappings  of  yucca  leaf  strip. 
(Fig.  336.)  Cross  offerings  are  known  in  the  rituals  of  the  present 
Pueblos,  where  they  represent  the  sky  being  (star,  heart  of  the  sky). 
(Cat.  No.  246554,  U.S.N.M.  Dimensions,  12^  inches  by  7J  inches.) 
The  Pueblo  cross  was  observed  by  the  early  Spanish  explorers.3 

1 22d  Ann.  Kept.,  Bur.  Araer.  Ethnology,  p.  101. 

2 25th  Ann.  Kept.,  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  p.  165. 

3 The  Coronado  Expedition,  16th  Ann.  Rept.r  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  pt.  1,  pp.  518,  544, 
548,  and  555, 


scratchings  which  may  be  seen 


Fig.  336. — Cross  paho  from  San 
Francisco  River. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  25 


Game  Pahos  and  Game  Set. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  128. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  26 


Painted  Wood  and  Pith  Offerings. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  129. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


129 


Fig.  337. — Snake  paho  from  Eagle  Creek. 


Snake  pahos  were  offered  in  the  springs  by  the  ancient  Pueblos  and 
fragments  of  these  votive  objects  have  been  recovered.  A specimen 
of  snake  paho  in  the  National  Museum  comes  from  the  head  of  Eagle 
Creek,  Arizona.  It  is  formed  from  a crooked  root,  smoothed  and 
painted  with  bands  of  black  and  green  on  one  side,  with  grooves  and 
black  and  red  stripes  on  the  other  side.  (Fig.  337.)  The  head  of 
this  interesting  object  is  missing.  The  specimen  was  found  in  a 
cave  by  Bryan  D.  Horton 
and  is  without  doubt  an 
offering.  (Cat.  No.  2161, 

U.S.N.M.  Length,  10 
inches.) 

From  Tularosa  Cave, 

New  Mexico,  was  secured  a section  of  reed,  the  lower  end  closed  by 
the  septum  and  the  other  formed  with  a flap  that  has  been  bent  over 
with  heat.  (Fig.  338.)  A band  of  burnt  decoration  is  drawn  below 
the  hilum.  The  use  of  this  curious  vessel  is  not  known,  but  it  may 
have  been  an  offering.  (Cat.  No.  246292,  U.S.N.M.  Length, 
inches.) 

Great  quantities  of  slender  dressed  rods  the  length  of  a bow  and 
one-fourth  inch  in  diameter,  painted  in  red,  black,  white,  blue,  green, 
and  yellow,  usually  in  simple  patterns,  were  found 
in  the  Bear  Creek  and  other  caves.  Some  of  these 
rods  were  found  attached  to  bows  of  standard  size 
deposited  against  the  back  wall  of  the  cave.  They 
remind  one  of  the  rod  of  the  War  God  altar  of  the 
Zuni  figured  by  Mrs.  Stevenson.1  A great  deposit 
of  these  rods  was  found  in  a cave  on  the  Gila  near 
Solomonsville,  Arizona,  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes.2 
Their  use  and  meaning  is  conjectural.  Occasionally 
they  were  bundled  as  torches.  (See  fig.  246.) 

A number  of  objects  made  of  thin  strips  of  wood 
and  masses  of  pith  and  painted  are  grouped  on 
plate  26.  Figures  9,  11,  25,  and  26  represent  bull- 
roarers,  not  differing  in  shape  from  those  used  at 
present  by  the  Hopi  and  Zuni.  Figures  21  to  24  are  masses  of  pith 
of  Ambrosia  painted  red  and  spitted  on  a wooden  splint  or  sewed 
together  with  yucca  cord  arranged  in  series  or  set  at  right  angles. 
They  appear  to  be  related  to  the  frog  spawn  pahos  of  the  Hopi. 
Figures  19  and  20  are  pith  cylinders  into  the  axis  of  which  at  one 
extremity  is  fixed  a yucca  cord.  Their  meaning  has  not  been  ascer- 
tained. The  meaning  of  the  small  painted  rectangular  tablets  (figs. 
17-18)  is  also  conjectural.  Figures  1-4,  6,  and  8 represent  flowers 


Fig.  338. — Reed 
paho  from  Tula- 
rosa Cave. 


14278°- 


1 23d  Ann.  Rept.,  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology. 

2 22d  Ann.  Rept.,  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology. 

-Bull.  87—14 10 


130  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


V 


or  sun  disks.  One  of  these  drawn  in  detail  is  shown  in  figure  221. 
It  is  made  of  two  pieces  of  thin  wood,  sewed  to  a crosspiece  and 
painted  black,  red,  and  green,  and  is  probably  part  of 
a miniature  headdress  or  mask  representing  a flower 
or  sun  shield.  (Cat.  No.  246580,  U.S.N.M.;  diameter, 
1^  inches.) 

A painted  stone  slab  (fig.  51)  was  found  in  a cere- 
monial room  at  the  Spur  Eanch  near  Luna,  New 
Mexico,  together  with  tubular  pipes 
(see  fig.  258),  and  other  objects  related 
to  cult.  It  is  alternately  banded  with 
red  and  black  over  ends  and  back  which 
reminds  one  of  the  striping  on  the  body 
of  some  of  the  Hopi  tihus  or  so-called 
“ dolls.” 


ORNAMENTATION  OF  OFFERINGS. 

The  ornamentation  of  these  offerings 
is  interesting  both  from  its  variety  and 
from  the  way  in  which  the  difficulties 
of  applying  a connected  pattern  to 
round  and  irregular  surfaces  had  been 
met.  As  a rule  the  ornamentation  is  in 
bands,  which  offers  the  simplest  method 


Fig.  339. — Orna- 
ment OF  VOTIVE 
OFFERING  FROM 

Bear  C reek 
Cave. 


of  decorating  a rod  (fig.  339),  but  often  they  are  in 
the  form  of  snake-lightning,  zigzags  or  more  compli- 
cated ornaments,  shown  in  figure  340.  One  very  beau- 
tiful design  from  a fragment  of  a rod  is  shown  in 
figure  345,  345  a.  Another  pleasing  design  is  shown 
in  figure  341.  Sometimes  a compli- 
cated design  occurs  on  a rod,  as  shown 
in  figures  342,  342  a . The  painting  is 
in  black,  green,  red,  and  white,  the 
colors  bright  and  pleasing.  The  de- 
signs on  the  rods  are  like  those  on  the 
arrows  for  which  in  some  instances  the 
rods  appear  to  stand.  (Cat.  No.  246000, 

U.S.N.M. ; Bear  Creek.)  Figure  340  is  16  inches  long. 
Decorations  on  flat  objects  are  shown  in  figures  343, 
343  a , and  on  the  decorations  of  the  tablets.  A curious 
decoration  formed  by  scratching  zigzag  lines  in  black- 
ened wood  is  shown  in  figure  344.  (Cat.  No.  245999, 
U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek  Cave.) 

In  other  cases  a design  is  made  by  winding  a band  around  a rod  and 
smoking  the  exposed  areas.  Very  smoothly  worked  and  accurately 


Fig.  340. — Orna- 
ment OF  VOTIVE 
OFFERING  FROM 

Bear  Creek 
Cave. 


Fig.  341. — Orna- 
ment OF  VOTIVE 
OFFERING  FROM 

Bear  Creek 
Cave. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


131 


calibrated  rods  were  often  decorated  with  a pleasing  design  in  black. 
(Fig.  345.)  The  completed  design  is  remarkable  for  its  accuracy 
of  execution  and  the  care  with  which  it  was  applied  to  a cylin- 
der. (Fig.  345  a.)  (Cat.  No.  246000,  U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek  Cave. 
Length,  8 inches.)  Another  specimen  is  decorated  with  geometric 
designs  in  black.  (Fig.  346.)  The  design  spread  out,  shown  at  a , 
consists  of  a band  of  black  and  white  checker,  a band  of  crossing 


a 

342. 


a 

343. 


344. 


Figs.  342-345. — Ornaments  of  votive  offerings  from  Bear  Creek  Cave. 


diagonals  forming  diamonds,  and  a band  of  frets.  (Cat.  No.  346000, 
U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek.)  Figures  347  and  348  show  zigzag  patterns 
in  black,  applied  very  evenly  and  accurately.  (Cat.  Nos.  246050, 
246000,  U.S.N.M.,  Bear  Creek.) 

The  colors  are  often  in  black,  green,  red,  and  white,  and  being 
the  natural  earths  they  remain  bright  for  a long  time.  It  is  in- 
teresting to  observe  that  there  was  evident  appreciation  by  the 


132  BULLETIN  87,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


ancient  Blue  River  tribes  of  the  shades  of  the  various  ores  and  earths 
employed  for  paint,  and  it  appears  that  there  was  studied  endeavor 
in  many  cases  to  combine  colors  in  decoration 
to  produce  an  aesthetic  effect.  These  efforts  in 
natural  colors  were  doubtless  pleasing  to  the 
eye  of  the  Indian,  and  for  the  same  reason  may 
be  approvingly  viewed  by  the  artist  of  to-day. 
Necessarily  the  vast  majority  of  the  works  of 
the  Indian  artist  illustrating  his  taste  and  skill 
as  a designer  and  decorator  have  perished,  but 
enough  remains  to  prove  his  ability  in  the  lines 
and  to  show  the  care  with  which  he  had  se- 
lected the  greatest  range  of  colors  which  his 
environment  would  furnish. 

MORTUARY. 

Several  burials  had  been  made  in  Tularosa 
Cave,  but  most  of  these  were  anciently  dis- 
turbed and  only  parts  of  bodies  could  be  found. 
One  burial,  in  the  upper  layers  near  the  front 
of  the  cave,  was  removed  by  John  Averitt,  a 
forest  ranger,  and  came  into  the  possession  of 
W.  J.  Andrus,  of  Hackensack,  New  Jersey. 
On  the  dried  trunk  of  a body  from  the  cave 
was  a feather  jacket  tied  with  hair  cord  and 
a loin  band  consisting  of  a bundle  of  cords 
dyed  purple.  (See  fig.  150.) 

During  the  exploration  of  the  cave  by  the  Museum-Gates  expedi- 
tion in  1905,  the  desiccated  body  of  an  infant  was  found  buried  deep 
in  the  debris  near  the  bottom  of  the  cave. 

(PI.  27,  Cat.  No.  923,  Gates  collection.)  The 
body  lay  on  a rush  mat,  and  over  it  was  laid 
another  rush  mat  doubled,  and  the  whole 
burial  inclosed  in  dry  grass.  A bracelet  of 
olivella  shell  beads  encircled  the  right  wrist. 

The  objects  connected  with 
the  burial  are  shown  in  de- 
tail on  plate  28,  figure  1, 

antelope  skin ; figure  2,  double  mat ; figure  3,  body 
of  infant  doubled  up  into  a small  compass ; figure 
4,  woven  object  whose  use  is  not  conjectured ; and 
Pig.  348. — ornament  ou*  figure  5,  a well-made  cradle  mat  of  rush.  The 
votive  offering  from  specimen  figure  4 is  of  gray  hair  of  dog  or 
bear  Creek  Cave.  mountain  goat  close  woven  on  yucca  cord.  It  is 
tubular,  and  a broad  loop  is  woven  at  one  end  in  which  is  rove  a 
cord  of  buffalo  hair  knotted  on  either  side  to  prevent  it  slipping 


Fig.  346. — Ornament  of 

VOTIVE  OFFERING  FROM 

Bear  Creek  Cave. 


Fig.  347. — Ornament  of 

VOTIVE  OFFERING  FROM 

Bear  Creek  Cave. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  27 


Desiccated  Body  of  an  Infant  Buried  in  Tularosa  Cave. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  132. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  28 


Objects  Accompanying  Infant  Burial. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  132. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  87  PL.  29 


Desiccated  Body  of  an  Infant. 


For  explanation  of  plate  see  page  133. 


ANCIENT  PUEBLOS  OF  UPPER  GILA  REGION. 


133 


through.  It  is  possible  that  the  object  is  a child’s  doll  or  toy,  on 
which  much  labor  had  been  expended. 

Mr.  A.  J.  Connell,  acting  forest  supervisor  of  the  Gila  National 
Forest,  sent  to  the  Museum,  through  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  a mummy  of  infant  from  a cave  on  the  West  Fork 
of  the  upper  Gila  River  called  Gila  Cliff  Dwelling.  This  mummy 
(pi.  29,  fig.  1)  is  of  a child  a few  months  old.  It  lies  on  a wildcat 
skin,  and  was  so  buried  in  the  debris  of  the  cave.  With  the  body  is  a 
hank  of  fiber  of  yucca  (fig.  2)  held  by  a winding  of  yucca  cord,  and 
an  object,  apparently  a doll  (fig.  4),  made  of  a core  of  cord,  the  ma- 
terial of  which  appears  to  be  the  wool  of  the  mountain  goat.  A 
small  mass,  apparently  dried  food,  and  a small  section  of  wildcat 
skin  (fig.  3)  also  accompany  the  mummy.  The  clothing  consists  of 
a sleeveless  jacket  of  rabbit  fur  and  a waist  garment  in  form  of  a 
band  made  of  pretty  downy  feathers  of  the  blue  jay  and  other  birds. 
This  band  is  wrapped  around  the  body,  and  at  one  extremity  is 
attached  a rabbit-fur  band  which  passes  between  the  legs  and  is 
secured  by  a cord  on  the  other  end  of  the  band.  The  weaving  of 
both  the  garments  is  on  fiber  cord;  the  rabbit  skin  is  cut  in  strips, 
twisted  and  held  in  place  by  twined  weaving.  The  doll  and  mass 
of  fiber  (doll  bed)  were  found  close  to  the  body.  Some  needles  of 
longleaf  pine  were  with  the  mummy.  The  burial  was  as  in  that 
described  in  the  Tularose  Cave  in  a bed  of  grass  and  was  covered 
with  cinders  and  debris  from  the  walls  of  the  cave.  (Cat.  No.  273340, 
U.S.N.M.) 


INDEX. 


Acoma,  feast  of  St.  Stephen 

Ambrosia  pith  for  pahos 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Andrus,  W.  J 

Antelope,  skin  used 

Antler 

punch 

Arrows,  barbed 

bunt 

decoration 

feather  ring 

heads 

Huichol  ceremonial 

making 

medicine 

Averitt,  John 

Awls 

terraced 

Axes 

Basketry 

coiled  quality 

coiled  work 

diaper  work 

“false  braid” 

flute  pahos . 

lazy  stitch 

motive  in  painted  decoration. 

pahos 

painted 

pahos,  designs  on 

splints 

tied  work 

twilled 

twilled  cylinders 

twined 

wrapped  work 

Balls 

Bandelier,  A.  F 

Bark  skirts,  Mohave,  Cocopa 

Beads 

attachment  to  cigarettes 

in  spring  offerings 

measurements 

ornaments,  distribution 

process  of  making 

stone  used  for 

Beans,  varieties  of 

Bear  Creek  Cave,  offerings  in 

Bed  for  child 

Bells,  copper 

Birds 

carved  on  staff 

circuit  symbolism 

design 

figurine  of  pottery 


Page. 

Birds  in  Mexican  migration  legend 104 

in  pottery  designs 47 

life,  Hopi  knowledge  of 102 

marionettes,  Hopi  and  Zuni 104 

use  in  religious  observances 101 

Bison 5 

Blue  River,  coiled  pottery 38 

Bone 33 

awls 34 

fleshers 34 

leather  working  tools 35 

method  of  working 35 

rings 36 

Bows,  Bear  Creek  Cave 100 

ceremonial,  Zuni 101 

cult 97 

Klamath  and  Modoc 97 

Zuni  Salt  Lake 101 

Braiding 75 

Brush  for  teeth 11 

Brush  of  yucca 11 

Buffalo,  skin  used 87 

Bull  roarer  pahos 129 

Bunt  head  for  throw  stick  shaft 36, 60 

Burial  in  caves,  method  of 123 

of  infant 132 

Tularosa  cave 132 

Burning  of  offerings 107 

Burnt  wTork  decoration 127 

California  fruit  beetle 7 

Carlton,  J.  H 68 

Carrying 68 

basket,  Mohave 87 

paho 123 

Casa  Grande,  pottery 45 

sculptures  from 32 

textile  from 76,78 

Castaneda,  observations  on  bow 98 

Cave,  Bear  Creek 95 

ceremonial,  near  Zuni 90 

cult 91 

Gila  cliff  dwelling,  ro  ummy  from 133 

Johnson’s 95 

Phoenix,  Arizona,  relics  from 80 

Red  Rock  country,  specimens  from ...  80 

sacred 90 

Silver  City 95,104 

Solomonsville,  Arizona 129 

Censer  hand 117 

Child  burial  near  hearth 107 

Cigarettes,  ceremonial,  Phoenix,  Arizona 108 

offerings 107 

smoked 108 

woven  band  on 80 

Clamshells  in  children’s  graves 37 


Page. 

. 115 

. 129 

. 32,76 

. 132 

87 

34 

35 

66 

64 

64 

64 

19 

.•  98 

63 

99 

. 132 

34 

34 

20 

87 

90 

89 

89 

88 

. 125 

90,124 

. 126 

. 123 

. 123 

. 124 

59 

89 

88 

89 

87 

89 

21 

76 

. 114 

24 

110 

. 118 

25 

24 

26 

12 

10 

. 120 

87 

37 

5 

. 105 

. 103 

105 

117 


135 


136 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Cloth,  ornamented 77 

ornamented  method  of  weaving 77 

Tularosa  Cave 82 

Cloud  blowers Ill 

drilled 114 

method  of  making 112 

Clubheads 21 

Color,  appreciation  of 131 

used  in  decoration 130 

Commerce,  primitive 37, 38 

Connell,  A.  J 133 

Cooley,  F.  E 80 

Copper  bells,  manufacture  of 38 

Copper,  native 37 

Cord 68 

ball 74 

making  series 69 

seized  in  colors 74 

Corn,  ancient  Pueblo 7, 8 

preservation  of 9 

Corncobs,  uses  of 9 

Cornhusks,  uses  of. 9 

Cosper,  J.  H 2,115 

Costume  paho 114 

Cotton 9 

Cremation 107 

Crooks  as  throwing  sticks 94 

Cross,  paho 128 

Pueblo 128 

Crystals,  used  as  mirrors 30 

Culin,  Stewart 128 

Cushing,  F.  H 94 

work  cited 99 

Dart  heads 19 

Decoration  by  scratching 130 

in  colors 130 

De  Meier,  John  R 19 

Designs,  accuracy  of 131 

on  basket  pahos 124 

Dice  of  reed 127 

Digging  stick 62 

Dishes,  carved 32 

Disk  placed  on  crook 95 

sandstone 29 

Dog  figurine 117 

Douglas,  James 37 

Drilling,  method  of 23 

Drills 23 

Dyes  on  cords 83 

Fagot  ties 59 

False  braid  basketry 88 

Feathers,  appreciation  of 102 

collection  of 101 

commerce  in 6,7 

cord 68 

articles  made  from. 71 

manufacture  of 71 

jacket 72 

jacket  on  mummy 132 

not  employed 103 

plume 7 

plume  paho 105 

Pueblo  classification  of 103 

tablets 106 

Fetishes,  pottery . 115 

Fewkes,  Dr.  J.  Walter 6, 


36, 76, 78, 80, 91, 96, 111,  128, 129 


Page. 

Figurine,  bird 117 

hand 117 

of  dog,  ancient  Hopi 117 

pottery 115 

Fire,  in  mortuary  customs 106 

in  sharpening  sticks 64 

making  implements 66 

offerings  of  smoke 107 

pahos 106 

slow  match 66 

Fire  sticks no 

fortending 62 

Fleshers 34 

Flute,  basket  work  on 125 

Bear  Creek  Cave 137 

paho 125 

Tularosa  Cave 127 

Fringe  of  sash 76 

Frog  of  shell,  distribution  of 37 

Fruits,  varieties  of no 

Gallo  spring 117 

Game  balls 21 

die 60 

pahos 127 

decoration  by  burning 127 

Gannett,  Edward 2 

Gates,  P.  G 2,23,61 

Gila  National  Forest 133 

Gourds,  uses  of 9, 10 

Grooved  cylinder 29 

Hair 86 

bundle 86 

form 86 

Hales,  Henry 33,37 

Hammer 20 

Hand  stones 14 

Headband,  woven 81 

Heye,  George  G 32 

Holmes,  W.  H 32, 88 

Hopi,  crooks  used  by 93 

Horton,  Bryan  D 75, 129 

Hough,  Walter 2 

Hrdlidka,  Dr.  A 29,32 

Hyde  Expedition 50 

Incense 107 

Indigo 83 

Industries,  special  of  Pueblos 12 

Infant  burial 132 

Insects  as  ornament 7 

Jones,  Henry 33 

Knife 19,21 

of  deer  rib 35 

saw  for  wood  carving 61 

used  in  woodworking 61 

Knots 67 

Lapping  method,  Mohave 123 

Las  Cruces,  guano  cave  at 19 

Lazy-stitch  baskets,  range  of 124 

Leather 86 

working  tools  of  bone 35 

L^on  Nicolas,  work  cited 104 

Lewis,  Clancey  M 2 

Linden,  pottery  of 41 

Lumholz,  Carl,  Huichol  arrows 98 

Lyon,  Marcus  W.,  jr.,  mammals  identified 

by 4 

Mammals 5 


INDEX, 


137 


Page. 


Mano 13 

Martin,  Charles 2 

Mason,  O.  T.,  on  basketry 124 

Matting,  mentioned  by  Holmes 88 

occurrence  and  uses  of 89 

Maul  for  wood  gathering 59 

Mearns,  Dr.  E.  A 6 

Mesa  Verde,  Colorado,  scraper  from 36 

Metal  work 37 

Metate 13 

Metcalf,  Henry 105 

Metcalf,  James  K 105 

Mexico,  bow  customs 98 

Mindeleff,  Cosmos 32 

Mindeleff,  Victor 73 

Mirror 27,30 

Mohave  carrying  basket,  method  of  making.  123 

Mordants  in  dyeing 83 

Mortar,  ceremonial 30 

small,  use  of 16 

Mortars  and  pestles 15 

Mortuary 132 

objects 132,133 

Mountain  pahos 118 

Mountain  worship 118 

Mountains  as  water  supply 118 

Mummy,  Gila  Cliff  dwelling 133 

Museum,  Brooklyn  Institute 90 

Museum-Gates  Expedition,  1905  132 

object  of 1 

party 2 

results 1 

route  of 2 

Nelson,  E.  W.,  birds  identified  by 6 

Network 68 

Nishinam  Indians,  bow  charm  of 97 

Nuts,  uses  of 11 

Offerings,  deposit  in  caves 90 

for  increase  of  animals 115 

Ornament  of  offerings 130 

of  shell 37 

of  stone 24 

Owen,  Mrs.  W.  O 45 

Pahos,  basketry 123 

bird 105 

bow 97 

bull  roarer 129 

costume 114 

crook,  distribution . . . ' 93 

meanings 93 

cross 128 

crotch 96 

flute 125 

game 127 

miscellaneous 128 

psychology  of 91 

rod 129 

roundel 96 

roundel,  wrappings  of 96 

snake 129 

spring 117 

stick 92 

tipcat  sticks 128 

twig  attachments  to 92 

twig,  discussion  of 92 

Paint  stones 3g 


Page. 

Painted  baskets 123 

Palmer,  E dward 74 

Parrot  feathers  in  Tularosa  Cave 6 

Patterns  applied  to  rods 130 

Pepper,  George 60 

work  cited 50 

Pictographs 33 

Pilgrim  form  in  pottery 121 

Pipes ill 

Pith  cylinders 129 

pahos 129 

Plants,  uses  of 11 

Plaques,  distribution  of 31 

Pottery 38 

brown,  Bear  Creek  Cave 45 

distribution  of. 40 

forms  of 41 

carbon  black 40 

coiling 38 

coiling  decoration 39 

coiling  process 38 

designs 46 

distribution  in  region 38 

figurines ll£ 

gray,  Apache  Creek 43 

Blue  River 41 

color  of  decoration 41 

distortion  in  firing 41 

finish  of 41 

forms  of 42 

quality  of  paste 42 

Spur  Ranch 42 

Tularosa  art 43 

Tularosa  V alley 42 

Hopi,  yellow 43 

in  religious  observances 19 

molded  in  basket 46 

offerings 45 

painted  coil 41 

painted  in  water  color 121, 122 

perforated  for  offering 121 

pilgrim  form 121 

red,  Apache  creek 44 

Blue  River 43 

decoration 44 

surface  treatment 43 

Tularosa  River 44 

symbolism 47 

Tularosa  Cave 45 

Upper  Mimbres  River 45 

form  and  decoration  45 

vase  construction 41 

white  line  designs 56 

worked  as  stone 30 

Ptelea,  twigs  of,  used  for  pahos 91 

Pueblo  Bonito , 47, 50 

Pueblos,  use  of  fire  in  burial 106 

Punch  of  antler 20 

Pyroligny  on  flute 127 

Reed  dice 127 

vessel 129 

Religious  objects 90 

Richmond,  Dr.  C.  W.,  birds  identified  by . . . 5 

Rings 36 

Rod  pahos 129 

Roots,  uses  of 10 


138 


INDEX, 


Page. 

Ruin,  Chevlon 128 

Delgar... 15,32,44 

Eagle  Creek 75 

East  Camp 33 

Fort  Bayard 45 

Grand  Gulch 76 

Martin 43 

Mesa  Verde 96 

N.  H.  Ranch 44 


Sikyatki 96 

Solomonsville . 32 

Spur  Ranch 27 

Rusby,  H.  H 95 

Rush  weaving,  method  of 87 

Salt  bag 33 

Lake,  Zuni 33 

River 33 

sources 33 

Sandals 83 

Bear  Creek 114 

insole 85 

shoe 85 

weaving,  methods 84 

San  Francisco  mountains 118 

Sash 75 

Saw 22 

Scrapers 22 

Sculptures 32 

Seler,  Edward 97 

Serpent  design 47 

effigy  vase „ 46 


Shell 

Shrines,  pottery  offerings  in 

Skin  scraper 

Sky  worship 

Slow  match 

Smoke  decoration 

Snake  pahos 

pahos  in  springs 

Solomon,  Charles 

Solomonsville,  Arizona 

Soyaluna  Ceremony,  Hopi 

Spalls,  stone 

Spawn  pahos 

Spindle 

whorls 

Splashing  sticks,  Hopi 

Spring  pahos 

pahos,  pottery,  description  of. 

wood 

sacred 

worship,  Pueblos 

Spur  Ranch,  finds  at 

Squashes 

Staff  of  Mexican  deity 

Stevens,  Cienaga 

Stevens,  Mrs.  Montague 

Stevens,  Montague 

Stevenson,  Mrs.  M.  C 

Sticks  pointed  by  fire 

Stone,  arrow  smoothers 

arts,  rank  of 

seasonal 

stimulation  of 

axe 

balls 


37 

119 

36 

118 

66 

130 

129 

117 

74 

129 

115 

61 

129 

70 

73 

96 

117 

117 

117 

90 

118 

27 

9 

97 

40 

44 

27,114 

6,69,91,98,129 

61 

17 

12 

13 

12 

20 

21 


Stone,  beads 

blades  for  darts 

used  at  Zuni 

ceremonial  mortars 

cloud  blowers 

clubhead 

cones 

disk 

drills 

flakes 

grooved  cylinder 

hammer 

knife 

materials,  sources  of. .. 

mirror 

ornamented  lava  block 

ornaments 

paint 

painted 

pipes 

plaques 

pottery  working 


scraper 

sculpture 

seats 

smoothing 

tablets  of 

tubes  of 

utensils,  domestic 

vessels 

Sun  disks 

Tablets 

stone,  painted 

wood 

Tassin  Wirt 

Textiles 

loop  and  knot 

openwork  cloth 

preservation  by  charring 

woven 

Thread,  fineness  of 

Throw  stick 

darts 

Tihus,  Hopi 

Tipcat  sticks 

Torches 

ceremonial 

of  rods 

Toy,  child’s 

Tularosa  Cave,  bird  remains  in 

bison  remains 

burials 

cloth 

debris 

home  ruins 

list  of  mammal  remains. 

pottery  offerings 

sandals 

surroundings 

turkey  pens 

turkey  remains 

Tularosa  Valley 

Turkey 

Tuttle,  Mary 


Page. 

24,25 

22 

22 

30 

112 

21 

15 
29, 1‘5 

23 
22 
26 
20 
21 

11,12 

27 

29 

24 
33 

30 
112 

31 
18 
17 
22 
22 

32 
17 
17 
30 

111 

13 

16 
130 

30 

130 

129 
83 
66 
82 
77 
74 
76 
74 
19 
19 

130 
128 
110 
107 
129 
133 

6 

5 

4 

82 

3 

3 

5 
45 
83 

4 
3 

5,6 

2 

5 

80 


INDEX, 


139 


Twig  pahos 

Twilled  basketry,  fineness  of 

War  gods,  Zufii 

Weaving,  headband 

methods 

remarks  on 

tools 

Wild  plants,  uses  of 

Wood 

bending  by  heat 

carving 

cutting 

drilling 

finishing 

gathering 

grooved  stones  for  finishing 
hook 


Page. 


Wood  hoops 59 

material 58 

process  of  working 60 

softened  by  crushing 59 

splitting 61 

sticks  for  fire  tending 62 

tools  for  working 61 

tools  of 62 

use  in  architecture 58 

Wrap  stocking 82,86 

Yucca 66 

stalk  flute 126 

used  for  sandals 84 

Zuni,  bead  making 26 

bow  customs 98 

offerings  given  to  children 123 

textiles  in  1540 76 


Page. 

91 

88 

129 

81 

78 

73 

73 

11 

58 

59 

62 

58 

61 

62 

59 

62 

59 


O 


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